The Origins Of The Church Of Scientology Essay -- Religion Scientology

During the dawn of the mid 20th century a new idea began to formulate within the mind of L. Ron Hubbard that would later give birth to what is known today as one of the fastest growing religions of the 21st century; this controversial religion is called Scientology. Scientology has acquired many individuals from all walks of life, ethnicities, and International regions of the world into its membership. According to the New Oxford American Dictionary the definition of Scientology is â€Å"a religious system based on the seeking of self-knowledge and spiritual fulfillment through graded courses of study and training.† In addition, Scientology claims to comprise the remedies used to deliver people from drugs and alcohol abuse, as well as, therapeutic solutions to help others recover from serious injuries at an astonishing progressive rate. In essence, this movement’s main agenda is to bring order to a world of chaos through spreading its teachings, improving environmental conditions on planet earth, and developing the holistic being through using different methodologies and technologies. Moreover, by obtaining a basic understanding of Scientology and its purpose we can now explore and uncover the answer to a question that sparks the curiosity of outsiders in western civilization; such a question is How did it Begin? The origins of this culture began in the year of 1923 when L. Ron Hubbard started his studies of the mind and spirit. Likewise, such studies resulted in the creation of a manuscript entitled Excalibur; this book was completed in 1938 but was never published. Furthermore, it was in this unpublished work that the word â€Å"Scientology† first appeared. The literal interpretation of the phrase means â€Å"the study of knowing how t... ...sion, my answer to the â€Å"church† of Scientology pertaining to the existence of God will be in the form of a philosophical question that states, if a tree falls in the forest and no one is around to hear it does it make a sound? Works Cited 1) Cooper, Paulette â€Å"The High Cost Of Scientology.† The Scandal Of Scientology. Web. 28th Nov. 1997 2) Communication Office Bulletin (HCOB). Hubbard, L. Ron. 18 July 1959. 3) â€Å"Dianetics.† New Oxford American Dictionary. Version 2.0.3 2005-2007. 4) lronhubbard.org/biography. N.P., 1995-2010. Web. 6 Nov. 2010 5) patheos.com. N.p., 1 Jan. 2008. Web. 6 Nov. 2010 6) â€Å"Scientology.† New Oxford American Dictionary. Version 2.0.3 2005-2007. 7) The New King James Version (NKJV) Bible. Ed. Thomas Nelson Nashville: 1982. 8) Watchman Fellowship. â€Å"What Christians Should Know about the Church of Scientology.† Web. 1 Jan. 2009.

Background Screening and the Fair Credit Reporting Act

Recent incidents with domestic and international significance have compelled employers to give more weight and attention to the practice of conducting background checks not only on job applicants but on their current employees as well. Some of these events prodded employers to resort to background screening on their own initiatives while others had been the subject of state and federal requirements. One of the most noteworthy events were the 9/11 terrorist attacks which have made employers more security conscious, leading them to subject the backgrounds of both their prospective and present workers to more rigorous examination.A recorded increase in lawsuits filed against employers involving all sorts of negligence in the hiring of employees, on the other hand, caused employers to stop hiring applicants based solely on their instincts about human nature. Corporate frauds and scandals similar to the Enron case of 2002 had also impelled employers to scrutinize both the private and prof essional lives of the members of their upper management teams such as â€Å"corporate executives, officers, and directors† in efforts aimed at preventing financial losses.Newspaper reports claiming that as high as 40% of job applicants in the country have been submitting fabricated resumes and false information have similarly alerted employers into ascertaining the backgrounds of people approaching them for employment (Privacy Rights Clearinghouse). A heightened interest on background checking also resulted from the observed rise in cases involving abductions and abuse of children, older people, and persons with disabilities.This resulted to majority of the states requiring employers to conduct â€Å"criminal background checks for anyone who works with children, the elderly, or disabled. † In fact the database of the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is now accessible to state officials under the authority of the National C hild Protection Act primarily for this purpose (Privacy Rights Clearinghouse). Employers conduct background checks under the authority of the â€Å"Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA),† a federal law.Although background checks are not a requirement under the FCRA, employers nevertheless do so in order to comply with the standards set by the national government concerning screening of employees. These national standards are established by the FCRA. Under the FCRA, external organizations should undertake the investigation into the backgrounds of applicants or employees and include the same in a â€Å"consumer report. † Employers are not allowed to apply the provisions of the FCRA to checks which they themselves have done (Privacy Rights Clearinghouse).Examples of information and/or records that could be obtained or accessed through a background check are: â€Å"criminal convictions, driving records, social security number, property ownership, past employees, vehicle regist ration, character references, personal references, credit records, court records, neighbor interviews, state licensing records, incarceration records, workers’ compensation, drug test records, sex offender lists, educational records, military service records, dental records, and bankruptcies within the preceding ten years.† The following information could likewise be available to a check conducted under the FCRA as long as the investigation should cover only the preceding seven years: â€Å"civil suits, civil judgments, paid tax liens, and accounts placed for collection† (Privacy Rights Clearinghouse). Under the provisions of the FCRA, before an employer could have a background check conducted, the written consent of the applicant should first be obtained.If after reading the report the employer decides to take an â€Å"adverse action† i. e. he/she decides not to hire the applicant, terminate an employee, rescind an offer of a job, or refuse to promote an employee, he/she is required to provide the applicant or employee with a notice or a â€Å"pre-adverse action disclosure† together with a copy of the result of the background check.After undertaking the â€Å"adverse action,† the name and address of the screening entity should be provided to the applicant or employee in an â€Å"adverse action notice† together with an advice that he/she â€Å"has the right to dispute the accuracy or completeness of any of the information in the report† (Privacy Rights Clearinghouse). Reference Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. Employment Background Checks: A Jobseeker’s Guide. July 2007. 23 September 2007

Thoreau Civil Disobedience Analysis - 963 Words

Overall, Antigone’s choices fit into Thoreau’s philosophy regarding civil disobedience. In Thoreaus work, â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† Thoreau makes points that clearly justify Antigone’s actions. One such case is when Antigone goes to give her brother a proper burial. Another one of these cases occurs when Antigone is put into jail for being honorable. Finally, an example of Thoreau’s idea of civil disobedience is epitomized when Antigone refuses allegiance to a government that she views as unjust. According to Thoreau, Antigone’s actions were just when she went to bury her brother despite Creon decreeing that no can do so. By burying her brother, she refuses to obey an unjust law. Antigone’s entrapment in the tomb fits into Thoreau’s†¦show more content†¦Antigone does just this by giving her brother a burial because she refuses to follow a law that violates her religion and moral code. As said in â€Å"Antigone: Rebel With a Conscience† by Taki Theodoracopulos, â€Å"Antigone was a rebel, someone willing to take a stand against laws they cannot accept.† This supports the fact that Antigone was standing up to a law, that her brother cannot be buried because it violated her moral code, and she was unable to accept breaking her moral code even if she was legally obliged to do so. Antigone’s actions were also supported by Thoreau when she was jailed and put to death for burying her brother. After learning of Antigone’s transgression and being asked by Choragos if he is willing to take Antigone from his son, Creon responds, â€Å"No; Death will do that for me† (Sophocles 214). In doing so, Creon sentences Antigone for imprisonment and eventual death for the crime of giving her brother a proper burial. In â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† Thoreau says, â€Å"Under a government which imprisons unjustly, the true place for a just man is also a prison.† When Thore au says this, he means that because of unjust laws, all those people who are just belong in prison because their just actions are transgressions in the eyes of an unjust government. In â€Å"Antigone: Rebel With a Conscience,† Theodoracopulos claims, â€Å"[Antigone] defies the state and gives [Creon] a token burial† (Theodoracopulos 1). This claim supports that Antigone’sShow MoreRelatedThoreau Civil Disobedience Analysis812 Words   |  4 PagesHenry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† both present similar ideas, as the latter was inspired by the first. This set of principles and ideas is still in being carried out in our nation today, however it is necessary for more people to adopt this way of thinking. Thoreau explains throughout how an individual must conduct civil disobedience to begin a change that is morally correct. He talks a lot about the government and heavily criticizesRead MoreThoreau On The Duty Of Civil Disobedience Rhetorical Analysis1250 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the duration of the Mexican American war, beginning in 1846, many attempts were made to gather support for the conflict. One citizen, who resided in Connecticut, showed much more drastic distest to this war than many others. Henry David Thoreau took both passive and active efforts to voice his antagonism to the conflict by refusing to pay a tax that he believed supported the ideology behind the war that the United States was partaking in at the time. Later, he contrived an essay that outlinedRead MoreAnalysis Of Civil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau1886 Words   |  8 PagesAfrican slave trade that culminated in the American Civil War, the loss of one of the greatest presidents in U.S. history, Ab raham Lincoln, and, more fittingly for this paper, the emergence of American transcendentalist writers. One writer in particular was Henry David Thoreau, who many historians consider to be the inventor of nonviolent protest as a means of reforming a government. This concept is explained in detail in his piece, Civil Disobedience, where he excellently argues that governments areRead MoreAnalysis Of Civil Disobedience, By Henry David Thoreau713 Words   |  3 PagesHenry David Thoreau, author of â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and Walden, has become one of the most influential authors of all time in the eyes of many. Though some might be led to believe his essays and writings, including â€Å"Where I Lived, and What I lived For†, make him a down to earth and even rugged author, as he spent some of his life in the forest. However, his life in the woods was not one of heavy duty work and he often was supported with objects and material possessions, contrary to what many of hisR ead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Civil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau1219 Words   |  5 Pagesignorant to the problems others faced. In the essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience† by Henry David Thoreau, Thoreau spent a night in jail for refusing to pay his taxes. After his night in jail, the author has a perspective change about the people around him (his â€Å"neighbors†) and the state. Before he went to jail he thought of his neighbors as friends who were civil when it did not cost them anything and he believed they shared common beliefs. But after Thoreau was imprisoned he says â€Å"that they did not greatlyRead MoreHenry David Thoreau Resistance To Civil Disobedience Analysis1508 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the era of the civil disobedience, individuals took stand and fight for their rights. the government took actions that violated the rights of others or took restrictions that angered residence. Resistance to civil government by Henry David Thoreau is an essay w ritten about his opinion on opposing the government that was taking control of people’s rights, motivating his disagreement of slavery and the Mexican-American war. Mahatma Gandhi, a leader who fought for the Indians independent movementRead MoreLessons in Civil Disobedience828 Words   |  4 Pagesto its effectiveness, individualism, and past history of the world that has made immense progress. It is important to notice that if civil disobedience was not effective, then it would not be continually used to disobey the law. In The Role of Civil Disobedience in Democracy† by Kayla Starr, she explains why we have the right to participate in civil disobedience. â€Å"The U.S. Bill of Rights asserts that the authority of a government is derived from the consent of the governed, and whenever any formRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience1013 Words   |  5 PagesIn Henry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience†, Thoreau makes the claim that the best form of government is a government that doesn’t govern at all. Thoreau’s paper pushes for the people to begin following the will of their conscience rather than blindly and foolishly follow the unjust idea of â€Å"majority rule†. Throughout the paper Thoreau makes a point of stating that â€Å"majority rule† is simply the will of the upper-class being forced into action o ver the rights and wills of the poorer minority. ThisRead MoreThe Effect Of Transcendentalism : Henry David Thoreau1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Transcendentalism: Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalism is the American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century that was rooted in the pure Romanticism of the English and the German (Goodman). Ralph Waldo Emerson is considered the father of Transcendentalism because his literature is the first to praise the notable spirituality of nature. The basic belief of the movement is to live authentically; being true to oneself (Day). The movement itselfRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Henry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience984 Words   |  4 PagesHenry David Thoreau (1817–1862) was an introspective who desired only a simple life and wandered the woods of Concord, Massachusetts journaling. How, then, did he influence such political icons as Mohandas Gandhi, Leo Tolstoy, and Martin Luther King Jr.? The answer lies in â€Å"Civil Disobedience† (1849). â€Å"Civil Disobedience† is an analysis of the individual’s relationship to the state and focuses mainly on why men obey laws even when they violate their own conscience. It is not an essay of abstract

Endosymbiotic Theory

The endosymbiotic theory is the accepted mechanism for how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. First published by Lynn Margulis in the late 1960s, the Endosymbiont Theory proposed that the main organelles of the eukaryotic cell were actually primitive prokaryotic cells that had been engulfed by a different, bigger prokaryotic cell. The term endosymbiosis means to cooperate inside. Whether the larger cell provided protection for the smaller cells, or the smaller cells provided energy to the larger cell, this arrangement seemed to be mutually beneficial to all of the prokaryotes. While this sounded like a far-fetched idea at first, the data to back it up is undeniable. The organelles that seemed to have been their own cells include the mitochondria and, in photosynthetic cells, the chloroplast. Both of these organelles have their own DNA and their own ribosomes that do not match the rest of the cell. This indicates that they could survive and reproduce on their own. In fact, the DNA in the chloroplast is very similar to photosynthetic bacteria called cyanobacteria. The DNA in the mitochondria is most like that of the bacteria that causes typhus. Before these prokaryotes were able to undergo endosymbiosis, they first most likely had to become colonial organisms. Colonial organisms are groups of prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that live in close proximity to other single-celled prokaryotes. Even though the individual single-celled organisms remained separate and could survive independently, there was some sort of advantage to living close to other prokaryotes. Whether this was a function of protection or a way to get more energy, colonialism has to be beneficial in some manner for all of the prokaryotes involved in the colony. Once these single-celled living things were within close enough proximity to one another, they took their symbiotic relationship one step further. The larger unicellular organism engulfed other, smaller, single-celled organisms. At that point, they were no longer independent colonial organisms but instead were one large cell. When the larger cell that had engulfed the smaller cells went to divide, copies of the smaller prokaryotes inside were made and passed down to the daughter cells. Eventually, the smaller prokaryotes that had been engulfed adapted and evolved into some of the organelles we know of today in eukaryotic cells like the mitochondria and chloroplasts. Other organelles eventually arose from these first organelles, including the nucleus where the DNA in a eukaryote is housed, the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus. In the modern eukaryotic cell, these parts are known as membrane-bound organelles. They still do not appear in prokaryotic cells like bacteria and archaea but are present in all organisms classified under the Eukarya domain.

Poverty and the American Dream Essay - 2446 Words

Poverty and the American Dream Research Paper Final Draft Jeffery White English 101 Section 7 December 20,2012 The American Dream has driven many people for a long time. The dream has been presented in Hollywood movies showing a family or person striving to succeed in America. When the dream is mentioned it is done so as a powerful symbol inspiring a whole nation of immigrants. However, the â€Å"Dream† is misleading because it implies there is only one rather than many. Moreover, there are many perceptions of the American Dream and its fulfillment depends on culture, age and citizenship. This misperception of the American Dream has led to the downfall of many immigrants who came in search or pursuit of the American dream. For example†¦show more content†¦They show that you can come to America and achieve greatness by doing a little. They have to wear designer clothes and in a suburban home. This view is sometimes defined as: â€Å"A delusion, an illusion meant to keep people dissatisfied and hungering to spend more money, in the hopes that the next purchase will be the one that buys them the happiness they are promised. What no one told our framers is that happiness isnt a commodity. It is something that is internal, easily found, and free of charge. Happiness and the reality of the American dream are found in abandoning the false dream, and creating one of your own. Understanding that all the trappings of Western culture are props in a badly acted movie, and that you can throw their script away and make one of your own is a liberating experience. It is possible to have a wonderfully rich and fulfilling life without designer clothes, a wedding register, minivan, suburban house, or even a TV (Johnson, 2001).† This delusion does not only prevent you from societies true identity, but leads to the downfall of a person. â€Å"For an immigrant the American dream is to achieve economic wellbeing and good quality of life through hard work and perseverance. As well as, the aspect of family and emotional and physical wellbeing.† (Van de Rijt, 2008). Even though this is the view of many immigrants, they are hindered to achieve that success. One has to ask themselves this question: How can immigrantsShow MoreRelatedPoverty And The American Dream919 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2000, the poverty rate among children was 16.2% (Reef 253)! Poverty is a relevant issue that isn t going away. It s ruining minds and lives at the same time. Poverty changes how people view the American Dream, achieve the American Dream, and even affect how people s brains work and develop. With all of the media s hatred of poor people, it must affect their self-confidence and how they view the American Dream. Through her experience, Jennifer Mayer has noticed that very problem. While workingRead MorePoverty And The American Dream933 Words   |  4 Pages42% of kids born in poverty will not get out. Today, more Americans are falling below the poverty line and are struggling trying to find a way to get out. The Inequality gap in America has increased for the past few decades. Resulting from Economic Inequality in America, 400 Americans share more than 50% of America’s total wealth. These 400 Americans are the Top 1%. While the Top 1% are living luxurious lives, the Bottom 99% is struggling to make ends meet. Inequality is nothing new to the UnitedRead MorePoverty and the American Dream4620 Words   |  19 Pagesâ€Å"The American Dream† as defined by James Truslow Adams in 1931 is a national ethos of the United States in which freedom includes the opportu nity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility achieved through hard work. Truslow states life should be worse and poorer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement regardless of social class or circumstances of birth. The idea of the American Dream is rooted in the United States Declaration of IndependenceRead MorePoverty And Chances Of Accomplishing The American Dream Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesLewis Teofil Husar ENG-111 11/30/16 Poverty and Chances of Accomplishing the American Dream. Everyone has heard of the American dream but is it even achievable? As the years go on, many children are born into poverty and stuck with the possibility of not making it out of the lower class. â€Å"The nations official poverty rate in 2015 was 13.5 percent, with 43.1 million people in poverty, 3.5 million fewer than in 2014. The 1.2 percentage point decrease in the poverty rate from 2014 to 2015 representsRead MoreWage Crisis By Michael Maher : Money, Power And The American Dream : Why Poverty?1189 Words   |  5 Pageswhen the future actually comes. The films Wage Crisis by Michael Maher; Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream: Why Poverty? by Alex Gibney; and The Secret of Oz by Ben Still, are some of the films that highlight the future or work and the how the wages and economy are really affecting those who are looking for work and trying to work towards a common goal – achieving the American Dream. Throughout this review, these movies will be compared to t he content that have been covered in the FutureRead MoreEssay on Poverty and Sociology1344 Words   |  6 Pages2 million people were considered poor. The nation’s poverty rate rose to 15.1 percent, whereas in 2009, 14.3 percent of people in America were living in poverty (Censky, 2011). That is an increase of 2.6 million people in 2010. In the United States, the federal poverty line – an absolute measure of annual income – is frequently used to determine who is categorized as poor (Ferris Stein, 2008, 2010). Currently the government defines the poverty line as an income of $11,139 for an individual and $22Read MoreThe American Dream : The Myth Of The American Dream1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe Myth of The American Dream   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the years immigrants have come to America in hopes of achieving their dreams and finding success. But is America really what it’s thought to be? Can their American   dream become a reality?   Everyone in America has the dream of achieving success and wealth through their own hard work and determination. But due to the vicious cycle of poverty most are unable to achieve their American Dream.   The cycle of poverty in America is affected by many factors includingRead MoreEssay on How Debt Affects Americans822 Words   |  4 Pagesstruck by debt, they might have trouble recovering. Debt can cause Americans to lose their homes and stability they need to feed, and shelter their families. Although debt comes upon us Americans quickly, people can see debt as terrible thing to be stuck with. It has many disadvantages that can devastate to people. Within debt there are subtopics that can be debated. We have the poor and the people who are living in poverty. Poverty is seen as a big problem within America. â€Å"It is defined as the stateRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1486 Words   |  6 Pageslegally and socially poor in the United States tend to stay in a cycle through life, not always by choice, but because they are given less opportunities, education and tools to achieve their success. The poverty stricken class has a significantly larger income gap than the upper class, the American Dream is weakened through opportunity and is shown through statistics. Inequality exists and is high in America due to the amount of income and wealth that is distributed through power. In America the incomeRead MoreThe American Dream : The American Dream1014 Words   |  5 Pages The American Dream. The American Dream is made up of many different aspects and ideas. Like moving up the social , escaping poverty , freedom ,equality , pursuing our interests and passions , opinions and safety. Most of the dreams are different for an individual depending on their situation. Poverty is a struggle in life. Not having enough to eat , not having heat and shelter. For the kids , life in poverty is much tougher to overcome than those who already have help with wealth.

Bioinformatics Free Essays

Full report on BIOINFORMATICS PURIFICACION, MARYNOLD V. CHEM 161. 1 3L 2nd Semester AY 2012-1013 GROUPMATES: Donato, Lualhati M. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioinformatics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diaz, Manuelle Marie C. Date Submitted: March 8, 2013 Laboratory Instructor: Ms. Herra Grajo I. INTRODUCTION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. There are different data bases that can be used like National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute database (EMBL-EBI), GenBank (US-based), SwissProt/UniProt, DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), Entrez and PubMed. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool, or  BLAST, is an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences. A BLAST search allows a researcher to compare a query sequence with a library or  database  of sequences, and identify library sequences that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold. The BLAST program was designed by  Stephen Altschul,  Warren Gish,  Webb Miller,  Eugene Myers, and David J. Lipman  at the  NIH  and was published in the  Journal of Molecular Biology  in 1990. On the other hand,ProtParam is a very useful softwarethat can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. The parameters that can be computed by ProtParam include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY). At the end of this exercise, the student should be able to understand the concept and process of bioinformatics; to know the process on how to use computer programs related in biological information; and to apply these programs on different protein sequences and identify different informations using these programs. II. METHODOLOGY The FASTA sequence of the given proteins namely; Myk, Gi, Glean, Astara, Niko, SR, Joma, Melai, Danne, Jay, Annie and Hani were analyzed using BLAST and ProtParam. BLAST showed the protein with that given sequence and its function was researched. ProtParam, on the other hand, showed the amino acid composition of the given protein, its theoretical IpH, estimated molecular weight and other pertinent information. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. In this exercise, the computer program called Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used to identify different protein sequences and determine the function of these proteins. Also, a computer program named ProtParam was used to determine the IpH and estimated molecular weight of the said proteins. Different sequences of proteins were analyzed using these 2 algorithms to study their identities, properties and purposes. Table 1 show the list of the given protein sequences, their identity, their theoretical IpH and estimated molecular weight. The FASTA sequences of the different codes are also shown below. PROTEIN SEQUENCES: Myk qavlslyasgrttgivldsgdgvthtvpiyegfalphailrldlagrdltdalmkiltergysftttaereivrdikeklayvaldyeqelesa Gi mftasqegdgmskshvhrsvwwswlvgvltvvglglglgsgvglapgsaapsglaldrfadrplapidps Glean mmvawwslflyglqvaapalaatpadwrsqsiyflltdrfartdgsttatcntadqkycggtwqgiidkldyiqgmgftaiwitpvtar Astara kkkslalvlatgmavttfggtgsafadsknvlstkkynetvqspefvsgdlteatgkkaesvvfdylnaakgdyklgeksaqdcfkvkqakkdavtdst Niko mgsigaasmefcfdvfkelkvhhanenifycpiaimsalamvylgakdstrtqinkvvrfdklpgfgdsieaqcgtsvnvhsslrdil SR ndfnlqdfnvgdyiqavldrnlaenisrvlypndnffegkelrlkqeyfvvaatlqdvirrfkaskfgskdgvgtvfdafpdqvaiqlndthpalaipel Joma vgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedfderevrgigkflhsakkfgkafvgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedlderevrgigkflhsakkf gk Melai tedskgghpfssetkeklnkeggafpgpsgslkfcpleiaqklwkenhseiypimktptrtrlaliicstdfqhlsrrvgadvdlremklllqdlgytvkvkenltale Danne kllravitcltypekhfekvlrlsinkmgtdewgltrvvttrtevdmerikeeyqrrnsipldraiakdtsgdyedmlvallghgda Jay sltafndlklgkkykfilfglndakteivvketstdpsydafleklpendclyaiydfeyeingnegkrskivfftwspdtapvrskmvyasskdalrr Annie kakyltemprasellshgipykankravpdridwresgyvtevkdqggcgscwafsttgamegqymknektsisfseqqlvdcsgpfgnygcngglmena Hani valkgfakffkessdeerehaeklmeyqnkrggrvrlqsivtpltefdhpekgdalyamelalaleklvneklhnlhgvatrcndpqltdfieseflee Table 1. Identity, IpH and molecular weight of different protein sequences. Name| Identity| IpH| Molecular weight, g/mol| Myk| NBD_sugar-kinase_HSAP70_actin superfamilyActin| 4. 72| 10344. 7| Gi| Pepsin A trypsin| 5. 97| 7144. 1| Glean| AmyAC_family superfamilyAmylase A| 5. 93| 10002. 4| Astara| Protease| 8. 97| 10595. 0| Niko| SERPIN superfamilySerpin ovalbumin| 6. 24| 9899. 4| SR| Glycosyltransferase_GTB_type superfamilyGlycogen phosphorylase| 4. 65| 11336. 7| Joma| Magainin| 5. 21| 9931. 1| Melai| CASc superfamilyCaspase| 7. 73| 12230. 0| Danne| Annexin superfamilyAnnexin| 6. 14| 10022. 5| Jay| ADF_gelsolon superfamilyCofilin| 5. 47| 11504. 0| Annie| Peptidase_C1ACathepsin| 5. 80| 10982. 2| Hani| Euk_FerritinFerritin_like superfamilyFerritin| 5. 06| 11519. 9| Actin forms  microfilaments  which are typically one of the most dynamic of the three subclasses of the eukaryotic  cytoskeleton. In turn, this gives actin major functions in cells: * To form  microfilaments  to give mechanical support to cells, and provide trafficking routes through the cytoplasm to support signal transduction. * To allow  cell motility  in cells which undergo  amoeboid  motion using  pseudopods and  phagocytosis, for example of bacteria by  macrophages. * In  metazoan  muscle  cells, to be the scaffold on which  myosin  proteins generate force to support muscle contraction. In nonmuscle cells, to be a track for cargo transport myosins (nonconventional myosins) such as myosin V and VI. Nonconventional myosins use ATP hydrolysis to transport cargo, such as  vesicles  and organelles, in a directed fashion much faster than diffusion. Myosin V walks towards the barbed end of actin filaments, while myosin VI walks toward the pointed end. Most actin filaments are arranged with the barbed end toward the cellular membrane and the pointed end toward the cellular interior. This arrangement allows myosin V to be an effective motor for export of cargos, and myosin VI to be an effective motor for import. Pepsin  is an  enzyme  whose  zymogen  (pepsinogen) is released by the  chief cells  in the  stomach  and that degrades food  proteins  into  peptides. The ? -amylases (EC  3. 2. 1. 1  ) (CAS# 9014-71-5) (alternative names: 1,4-? -D-glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase)are  calcium  metalloenzymes, completely unable to function in the absence of calcium. By acting at random locations along the starch chain, alpha-amylase breaks down ling-chain carbohydrates, ultimately yielding maltotriose and maltose from amyloase, glucose and â€Å"limit dextrin† from amylopectin. It can act anywhere on the  substrate, ? amylase tends to be faster-acting than ? -amylase. In  animals, it is a major  digestive  enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6. 7-7. 0. In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are ? -amylases. A  protease  (also termed  peptidase  or  proteinase) is any  enzyme  that conducts  proteolysis, that is, beg ins  protein  catabolism  by  hydrolysis  of the  peptide bonds  that link  amino acids  together in thepolypeptide  chain forming the protein. Serpins  are a group of  proteins  with similar structures that were first identified as a set of proteins able to  inhibit  proteases. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in  glycogenolysis  in animals by releasing  glucose-1-phosphate  from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. Ovalbumin  (OVA) is the main  protein  found in  egg white, making up 60-65% of the total protein. Ovalbumin displays sequence and three-dimensional  homology  to the  serpin  superfamily, but unlike most serpins it is not a  serine protease  inhibitor. The function of ovalbumin is unknown, although it is presumed to be a  storage protein. Ovalbumin is an important protein in several different areas of research, including:general studies of protein structure and propertiesbecause it is available in large quantities; studies of serpin structure and function since ovalbumin does not inhibit proteases which means that by comparing its structure with that of inhibitory serpins, the structural characteristics required for inhibition can be determined; in proteomics  where it is used as a molecular weight marker for calibrating  electrophoresis  gel; and in immunology where it is commonly used to stimulate an  allergic reaction  in test subjects likean established model allergen for  airway hyper-responsiveness, AHR. Caspases, or  cysteine-aspartic or  cysteine-dependent  aspartate-directed proteases  are a family of  cysteine proteases  that play essential roles inapoptosis  (programmed cell death),  necrosis, and  inflammation. Caspase 1/interleukin-1 converting enzyme is an  enzyme  that  proteolytically  cleaves other proteins, such as the  precursor  forms of the inflammatorycytokines  interleukin 1-? and  interleukin 18, into active mature peptides. It belongs to a family of  cysteine proteases  known as  caspases  that always cleave proteins following an  aspartic acid  residue. Caspase 1 has been shown to induce cell  necrosis  or  pyroptosis  and may function in various developmental stages. Studies of a similar protein in mouse suggest a role in the pathogenesis of  Huntington’s disease. Alternative splicing  of the gene results in five transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Annexins have been observed to play a role along the  exocytotic  pathway, specifically in the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be involved in the transport and also sorting of endocytotic events. Annexin one is a substrate of the EGF (epidermal growth factor)  tyrosine kinase  which becomes phosphorylated on its N terminus when the receptor is internalized. Cofilin is a ubiquitous actin-binding factor required for the reorganization of actin filaments. ADF/Cofilin family members bind G-actin monomers and depolymerize actin filaments through two mechanisms: severing and increasing the off-rate for actin monomers from the pointed end. Older† ADP/ADP-Pi actin filaments free of tropomyosin and proper pH are required for cofilin to function effectively. In the presence of readily available ATP-G-actin cofilin speeds-up actin polymerization via its actin- severing activity (providing free barbed ends for further polymerization and nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex). As a long-lasting  in vivo  effect, cofilin recycles older ADP-F-actin, helping cell to maintain ATP-G-actin pool for sustained motility. pH, phosphorylation and phosphoinositides regulate cofilin’s binding and associating activity with actin The  Arp2/3 complex  and cofilin work together to reorganize the actin filaments in the  cytoskeleton. Arp 2/3, an actin binding proteins complex, binds to the side of ATP-F-actin near the growing barbed end of the filament, causing nucleation of a new F-actin branch, while cofilin-driven depolymerization takes place after dissociating from the Arp2/3 complex. They also work together to reorganize microtubules in order to traffic more proteins by vesicle to continue the growth of filaments. Cofilin also binds with other proteins such as  myosin,  tropomyosin,  ? -actinin,  gelsolin  and  scruin. These proteins compete with cofilin for actin binding. ?ofilin also play role in innate immune response. Cathepsins have a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover, e. g. bone resorption. They degrade  polypeptides  and are distinguished by their  substrate  specificites. Ferritin serves to store iron in a non-toxic form, to deposit it in a safe form, and to transport it to areas where it is required. Knowing the protein sequence gives many advantages in studies especially dealing with medicine. The protein of interest whether it is the cause of the abnormality or the cure for abnormality can be identified with just few clicks. The reasons behind similarity of protein sequences despite diversity of source organism is because even though all protein families have distinct functional compositions across different species, some conserved functional features among family members included a shared reaction mechanism, cofactor usage, and/or ligand specificity. IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool (BLAST), an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences; and ProtParam, a very useful software that can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. Such parameters include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, How to cite Bioinformatics, Essay examples Bioinformatics Free Essays Full report on BIOINFORMATICS PURIFICACION, MARYNOLD V. CHEM 161. 1 3L 2nd Semester AY 2012-1013 GROUPMATES: Donato, Lualhati M. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioinformatics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diaz, Manuelle Marie C. Date Submitted: March 8, 2013 Laboratory Instructor: Ms. Herra Grajo I. INTRODUCTION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. There are different data bases that can be used like National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute database (EMBL-EBI), GenBank (US-based), SwissProt/UniProt, DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), Entrez and PubMed. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool, or  BLAST, is an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences. A BLAST search allows a researcher to compare a query sequence with a library or  database  of sequences, and identify library sequences that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold. The BLAST program was designed by  Stephen Altschul,  Warren Gish,  Webb Miller,  Eugene Myers, and David J. Lipman  at the  NIH  and was published in the  Journal of Molecular Biology  in 1990. On the other hand,ProtParam is a very useful softwarethat can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. The parameters that can be computed by ProtParam include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY). At the end of this exercise, the student should be able to understand the concept and process of bioinformatics; to know the process on how to use computer programs related in biological information; and to apply these programs on different protein sequences and identify different informations using these programs. II. METHODOLOGY The FASTA sequence of the given proteins namely; Myk, Gi, Glean, Astara, Niko, SR, Joma, Melai, Danne, Jay, Annie and Hani were analyzed using BLAST and ProtParam. BLAST showed the protein with that given sequence and its function was researched. ProtParam, on the other hand, showed the amino acid composition of the given protein, its theoretical IpH, estimated molecular weight and other pertinent information. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. In this exercise, the computer program called Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used to identify different protein sequences and determine the function of these proteins. Also, a computer program named ProtParam was used to determine the IpH and estimated molecular weight of the said proteins. Different sequences of proteins were analyzed using these 2 algorithms to study their identities, properties and purposes. Table 1 show the list of the given protein sequences, their identity, their theoretical IpH and estimated molecular weight. The FASTA sequences of the different codes are also shown below. PROTEIN SEQUENCES: Myk qavlslyasgrttgivldsgdgvthtvpiyegfalphailrldlagrdltdalmkiltergysftttaereivrdikeklayvaldyeqelesa Gi mftasqegdgmskshvhrsvwwswlvgvltvvglglglgsgvglapgsaapsglaldrfadrplapidps Glean mmvawwslflyglqvaapalaatpadwrsqsiyflltdrfartdgsttatcntadqkycggtwqgiidkldyiqgmgftaiwitpvtar Astara kkkslalvlatgmavttfggtgsafadsknvlstkkynetvqspefvsgdlteatgkkaesvvfdylnaakgdyklgeksaqdcfkvkqakkdavtdst Niko mgsigaasmefcfdvfkelkvhhanenifycpiaimsalamvylgakdstrtqinkvvrfdklpgfgdsieaqcgtsvnvhsslrdil SR ndfnlqdfnvgdyiqavldrnlaenisrvlypndnffegkelrlkqeyfvvaatlqdvirrfkaskfgskdgvgtvfdafpdqvaiqlndthpalaipel Joma vgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedfderevrgigkflhsakkfgkafvgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedlderevrgigkflhsakkf gk Melai tedskgghpfssetkeklnkeggafpgpsgslkfcpleiaqklwkenhseiypimktptrtrlaliicstdfqhlsrrvgadvdlremklllqdlgytvkvkenltale Danne kllravitcltypekhfekvlrlsinkmgtdewgltrvvttrtevdmerikeeyqrrnsipldraiakdtsgdyedmlvallghgda Jay sltafndlklgkkykfilfglndakteivvketstdpsydafleklpendclyaiydfeyeingnegkrskivfftwspdtapvrskmvyasskdalrr Annie kakyltemprasellshgipykankravpdridwresgyvtevkdqggcgscwafsttgamegqymknektsisfseqqlvdcsgpfgnygcngglmena Hani valkgfakffkessdeerehaeklmeyqnkrggrvrlqsivtpltefdhpekgdalyamelalaleklvneklhnlhgvatrcndpqltdfieseflee Table 1. Identity, IpH and molecular weight of different protein sequences. Name| Identity| IpH| Molecular weight, g/mol| Myk| NBD_sugar-kinase_HSAP70_actin superfamilyActin| 4. 72| 10344. 7| Gi| Pepsin A trypsin| 5. 97| 7144. 1| Glean| AmyAC_family superfamilyAmylase A| 5. 93| 10002. 4| Astara| Protease| 8. 97| 10595. 0| Niko| SERPIN superfamilySerpin ovalbumin| 6. 24| 9899. 4| SR| Glycosyltransferase_GTB_type superfamilyGlycogen phosphorylase| 4. 65| 11336. 7| Joma| Magainin| 5. 21| 9931. 1| Melai| CASc superfamilyCaspase| 7. 73| 12230. 0| Danne| Annexin superfamilyAnnexin| 6. 14| 10022. 5| Jay| ADF_gelsolon superfamilyCofilin| 5. 47| 11504. 0| Annie| Peptidase_C1ACathepsin| 5. 80| 10982. 2| Hani| Euk_FerritinFerritin_like superfamilyFerritin| 5. 06| 11519. 9| Actin forms  microfilaments  which are typically one of the most dynamic of the three subclasses of the eukaryotic  cytoskeleton. In turn, this gives actin major functions in cells: * To form  microfilaments  to give mechanical support to cells, and provide trafficking routes through the cytoplasm to support signal transduction. * To allow  cell motility  in cells which undergo  amoeboid  motion using  pseudopods and  phagocytosis, for example of bacteria by  macrophages. * In  metazoan  muscle  cells, to be the scaffold on which  myosin  proteins generate force to support muscle contraction. In nonmuscle cells, to be a track for cargo transport myosins (nonconventional myosins) such as myosin V and VI. Nonconventional myosins use ATP hydrolysis to transport cargo, such as  vesicles  and organelles, in a directed fashion much faster than diffusion. Myosin V walks towards the barbed end of actin filaments, while myosin VI walks toward the pointed end. Most actin filaments are arranged with the barbed end toward the cellular membrane and the pointed end toward the cellular interior. This arrangement allows myosin V to be an effective motor for export of cargos, and myosin VI to be an effective motor for import. Pepsin  is an  enzyme  whose  zymogen  (pepsinogen) is released by the  chief cells  in the  stomach  and that degrades food  proteins  into  peptides. The ? -amylases (EC  3. 2. 1. 1  ) (CAS# 9014-71-5) (alternative names: 1,4-? -D-glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase)are  calcium  metalloenzymes, completely unable to function in the absence of calcium. By acting at random locations along the starch chain, alpha-amylase breaks down ling-chain carbohydrates, ultimately yielding maltotriose and maltose from amyloase, glucose and â€Å"limit dextrin† from amylopectin. It can act anywhere on the  substrate, ? amylase tends to be faster-acting than ? -amylase. In  animals, it is a major  digestive  enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6. 7-7. 0. In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are ? -amylases. A  protease  (also termed  peptidase  or  proteinase) is any  enzyme  that conducts  proteolysis, that is, beg ins  protein  catabolism  by  hydrolysis  of the  peptide bonds  that link  amino acids  together in thepolypeptide  chain forming the protein. Serpins  are a group of  proteins  with similar structures that were first identified as a set of proteins able to  inhibit  proteases. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in  glycogenolysis  in animals by releasing  glucose-1-phosphate  from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. Ovalbumin  (OVA) is the main  protein  found in  egg white, making up 60-65% of the total protein. Ovalbumin displays sequence and three-dimensional  homology  to the  serpin  superfamily, but unlike most serpins it is not a  serine protease  inhibitor. The function of ovalbumin is unknown, although it is presumed to be a  storage protein. Ovalbumin is an important protein in several different areas of research, including:general studies of protein structure and propertiesbecause it is available in large quantities; studies of serpin structure and function since ovalbumin does not inhibit proteases which means that by comparing its structure with that of inhibitory serpins, the structural characteristics required for inhibition can be determined; in proteomics  where it is used as a molecular weight marker for calibrating  electrophoresis  gel; and in immunology where it is commonly used to stimulate an  allergic reaction  in test subjects likean established model allergen for  airway hyper-responsiveness, AHR. Caspases, or  cysteine-aspartic or  cysteine-dependent  aspartate-directed proteases  are a family of  cysteine proteases  that play essential roles inapoptosis  (programmed cell death),  necrosis, and  inflammation. Caspase 1/interleukin-1 converting enzyme is an  enzyme  that  proteolytically  cleaves other proteins, such as the  precursor  forms of the inflammatorycytokines  interleukin 1-? and  interleukin 18, into active mature peptides. It belongs to a family of  cysteine proteases  known as  caspases  that always cleave proteins following an  aspartic acid  residue. Caspase 1 has been shown to induce cell  necrosis  or  pyroptosis  and may function in various developmental stages. Studies of a similar protein in mouse suggest a role in the pathogenesis of  Huntington’s disease. Alternative splicing  of the gene results in five transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Annexins have been observed to play a role along the  exocytotic  pathway, specifically in the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be involved in the transport and also sorting of endocytotic events. Annexin one is a substrate of the EGF (epidermal growth factor)  tyrosine kinase  which becomes phosphorylated on its N terminus when the receptor is internalized. Cofilin is a ubiquitous actin-binding factor required for the reorganization of actin filaments. ADF/Cofilin family members bind G-actin monomers and depolymerize actin filaments through two mechanisms: severing and increasing the off-rate for actin monomers from the pointed end. Older† ADP/ADP-Pi actin filaments free of tropomyosin and proper pH are required for cofilin to function effectively. In the presence of readily available ATP-G-actin cofilin speeds-up actin polymerization via its actin- severing activity (providing free barbed ends for further polymerization and nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex). As a long-lasting  in vivo  effect, cofilin recycles older ADP-F-actin, helping cell to maintain ATP-G-actin pool for sustained motility. pH, phosphorylation and phosphoinositides regulate cofilin’s binding and associating activity with actin The  Arp2/3 complex  and cofilin work together to reorganize the actin filaments in the  cytoskeleton. Arp 2/3, an actin binding proteins complex, binds to the side of ATP-F-actin near the growing barbed end of the filament, causing nucleation of a new F-actin branch, while cofilin-driven depolymerization takes place after dissociating from the Arp2/3 complex. They also work together to reorganize microtubules in order to traffic more proteins by vesicle to continue the growth of filaments. Cofilin also binds with other proteins such as  myosin,  tropomyosin,  ? -actinin,  gelsolin  and  scruin. These proteins compete with cofilin for actin binding. ?ofilin also play role in innate immune response. Cathepsins have a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover, e. g. bone resorption. They degrade  polypeptides  and are distinguished by their  substrate  specificites. Ferritin serves to store iron in a non-toxic form, to deposit it in a safe form, and to transport it to areas where it is required. Knowing the protein sequence gives many advantages in studies especially dealing with medicine. The protein of interest whether it is the cause of the abnormality or the cure for abnormality can be identified with just few clicks. The reasons behind similarity of protein sequences despite diversity of source organism is because even though all protein families have distinct functional compositions across different species, some conserved functional features among family members included a shared reaction mechanism, cofactor usage, and/or ligand specificity. IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool (BLAST), an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences; and ProtParam, a very useful software that can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. Such parameters include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, How to cite Bioinformatics, Papers Bioinformatics Free Essays As the world has changed into computer based and more of technology based, so has the various fields changed. Molecular biology is concerned with how the systems of a cell interact which also includes the DNA and RNA interactions plus the protein biosynthesis. It therefore involves several techniques which include Polymerase Chain Reactions, Western Blotting, southern blotting, expression cloning, gel electrophoresis and so many other techniques. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioinformatics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since it is mostly involved in the interactions of the cell systems, it requires means to be able to identify the DNA which are similar, if the DNA of some organism are evolving, if some mutation in a DNA can help in new inventions about how to deal with certain problems of the world among others. Determination of all these requires the use of information technology. There have been major advances in molecular biology and advances in technologies of genomic study too. This is the reason why there has been growth in biological information created by the scientists (Gibas and Jambeck, 2001). Because of these advances, genomic information has to be computerized and stored in databases in an organized manner for use. The databases are organized in a manner that scientists can retrieve information about a genome and more, add more information if need be and for future references (Gibas and Jambeck, 2001). It therefore means that the databases index the data for viewing and analysis purposes. Application of information technology in the field of molecular biology is what is known as Bioinformatics. It involves the creation of algorithms statistical techniques, databases and computational techniques in molecular biology. There are theories on how the biological data should be solved and how they should be managed. These are the theories that are the base of computation, data storage, data analysis and formation of algorithms (Letovsky, 1999). Bioinformatics This is a field of science, created due to the changing world enabling advances in molecular biology, that merge molecular biology, information technology and computer science together (Baxevanis and Ouellette, 2001). It is therefore a single discipline meant to make possible biological insight discoveries. It also creates an international perspective of biological principles discernation (Letovsky, 1999). As has been noted, this field was created due to the advances in molecular biology. At the beginning, as the world of computer began to take over, Bioinformatics was just meant for biological information storage. It was as simple as creation of the databases and maintaining them. Information stored at that time was amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences. At this time though, the researchers could retrieve information and put in more either revised or new invention (Baxevanis and Ouellette, 2001). As time and more advances are being made and more information is needed about the interaction of the cell system, Bioinformatics is evolving too. It is getting more complex with more information and more activities on molecular biology. This is due to the need to comprehend the normal cellular activities so that any abnormalities can be easily detected. Bioinformatics currently provides options of analysis and interpretation of data. Most analyzed and interpreted data include amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences, structures of protein and protein domains. This is what is referred to as computational biology (Baxevanis and Ouellette, 2001). There are two sub disciplines in Bioinformatics and computational biology. One is algorithm and statistics development for the assessment of large data sets. This includes data sets such as gene allocation from a specific sequence, formation of protein families from related protein sequences, protein structure prediction and protein function prediction (Westhead et al. , 2002). The other sub discipline is information management which requires development of tools that allow retrieval, use and management of information (Westhead et al. , 2002). Importance of Bioinformatics Since there is advancement in the world of technology, bioinformatics is to improve the understanding of the so many biological processes. This involves research areas of involvement such as evolutionary biology, gene expression analysis, analysis of cancer mutations, determination of biodiversity, analysis of sequences, comparative genomics, genome annotation and several others (Lesk, 2005). Gene Expression Analysis As this information technology system enables storage of information, analysis and interpretation, gene expression can be performed. This is done by the use of appropriate techniques which measure RNA levels such as sequencing of expressed complementary DNA, Serial Analysis of Gene Expression, micro arrays and so many other techniques. This is important in the determination of genes expressed in certain disorders (Lesk, 2005). Determination of such kinds of genes is important in the development of therapies, as developments have gone further in molecular biology so that disorders can be corrected using gene therapies. An example is gene replacement therapy. When a gene causing a specific disorder or disease is determined, a means of replacing it with a normal one could also be determined (Lesk, 2005). Evolutionary Biology Bioinformatics enables measurement of changes in the DNA of animals therefore determination of origins of evolution of animals from their ancestors. Other ways in which Bioinformatics has enabled researchers to study the origins of organism and animal species is through comparison of their genomes, hence classifying animals that originated from the same ancestor. Bioinformatics through computational models enable prediction of system outcome over a specified period of time (Lesk, 2005). Analysis of Sequences There are so many sequences that decode different proteins. These sequences are made available in the databases. This provides sequences for analysis, for example if a scientist has a sequence of a gene obtained from a species of organism and would like to know the sequence, he/she would check with the sequences in the data bases. In these databases, the information helps determine the genes that encode specific polypeptides and regulatory sequences. Sequence analysis also enables comparison of genes of species hence determination of certain protein functions (Lesk, 2005). Biodiversity Measurement Bioinformatics is also important as it enables measurement of biodiversity of an ecosystem. Biodiversity is all the genomes of all the different species of organisms and animals in an ecosystem. The animals and organisms’ names have therefore to be collected, including their descriptions, genetic information and distribution in a specific ecosystem. There are so many other important information about the organisms that have to be noted alongside the genetic information. These are such as habitat needs, species and population size (Barnes and Gray, 2003). All this information is stored in the databases and is collected for a reason. Several studies that require animal genomic constitution in an ecosystem do take place, therefore need an information source. Information technology has enabled formation of specialized programs of software which are used by the scientists and researchers to retrieve, analyze and share information about their research. This leads to more progress in the field of molecular biology. The importance of this is that it helps in the conservation of the ecosystem. For example, in an ecosystem, there are always those species that are endangered, this can easily be determined by this information technology system of biodiversity determination. Computer simulations has enabled modeling of conservation, population dynamics and calculation of a breeding pool’s genetic health (Barnes and Gray, 2003). Cancer Mutation Analysis Since bioinformatics has enabled storage of sequences of several genes and provided means through which analysis can be carried out, cancer mutations can be detected. Sequences of normal genes are stored in the databases. Determination of a cancer mutation is therefore not difficult as the normal sequence can be compared to the abnormal one and the area of difference marked. This has been used to find out point mutations and other types of mutations. As noted earlier, this is important in cancer therapy (Higgins and Taylor, 2000; (Lesk, 2005). Conclusion Bioinformatics has lead to enormous discoveries due to the provision of information about the genomes of different species, their characteristics and other biological information in the databases. The main issue here is the biological information, how to retrieve it, provision of analysis methods and provision of interpretation methods thereby assisting many studies in many areas. Application of information technology in molecular biology has enabled discoveries of therapies and genetic information about disease causing organisms. This application of information technology is very important as with the changes in the world, evolution is taking place and several different organisms are coming up. Some of these organisms can cause diseases to human and can be a threat if nothing is done about them. Since genome sequences, analysis methods and other important biological information are provided in the programs and databases, determination of the origin of such an organism can be easy and ways of treating it can also be established, therefore eliminating the threat to humans. If for example HIV mutates, like it does, and there are no effective ways of determining the mutation, it means the virus will kill so many people as the new strain has no way to be controlled. Bioinformatics is therefore very important in molecular biology. References Barnes, M. R. and Gray, I. C. (2003). Bioinformatics for Geneticists. US: Wiley. Baxevanis, A. D. and Ouellette, B. F. (2001). Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins. US: Wiley-IEEE. Gibas, C. and Jambeck, P. (2001). Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills. Oreilly Associates Inc. Higgins, D. and Taylor, W. (2000). Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure, and Databanks : a Practical Approach. UK: Oxford University Press. Letovsky, S. (1999). Bioinformatics: Databases and Systems. US: Springer. Lesk, A. M. (2005). Introduction to Bioinformatics. UK: Oxford University Press, 2005 Westhead, R. D. , Parish, J. H. and Twyman, M. R. (2002). Bioinformatics. UK: BIOS, 2002 How to cite Bioinformatics, Papers

Indigenous Health Organization Aboriginal Medical Service

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Health Organizationfor Aboriginal Medical Service. Answer: Introduction This report is mainly about the Aboriginal Medical Service Alliance Territory that is an indigenous health organization. It mainly puts emphasis on the health service of the aboriginal people. The mission of this organization is to cure the ailments of the native people of the Northern Territory of Australia. This report contains the background of this organization, the vision and objectives of this organization, the activities of this organization and the member-service of this organization and the contacts and location of this organization. In the end, there is comment on the reflection of this organization. Brief History and Background of the Organization Aboriginal Medical Service Alliance Territory has played a significant role in defending the rights of the native people of the in the Northern Territory of Australia regarding health care. The main motive of the organization is taking the responsibility of the aboriginal people by securing their funds regarding health services. This organization has linked with the National aboriginal and Islander Health Organization which is presently called NACCHO . This organization was established in October 1994. The foundation of the new structure of the Aboriginal Medical Service occurred from July 1996 to April 1998. Summits formed various health related meetings for the aboriginal people. The Banatjarl Health Summit occurred from 2ND August to 6th August in 1999. The Summit was organized to discuss about the health condition of the native people of Northern Territory. Decisions were taken about the process of health examination of the aboriginal people and the steps that were to be taken to improve the health condition of the people in the 1999 summit (Ilton et al., 2014). AMSANT Fresh Food Summit occurred in 10 May of 2010 to gather the native people, people in government services and the nutritionists to make a discussion about the food security of the in context to regional communities and remote areas. The Native people who stay in remote areas do not get proper accession of doctors and health care. Funds provided by Commonwealth are not sufficient to meet the needs of the native people (Davy et al., 2015). AMSANT has carried campaigns so that the Commonwealth government cashout for the medical purpose of the aboriginal purpose. This cashing-out campaign paved the way to the Aboriginal Coordinated Trials in the NT (1996-1997) and the announcement of the 1999 budget for the Primary Health Care Process Access Programme ( PHCAP). Vision and Objectives of the Organization The main vision of this organization is to make the aboriginal people happy and increase the longevity of the native people with better health. This organization also works for the improvement of the health and works for the purpose that the aboriginal people should have control over the primary health care system. This organization focuses on the fact that the the aboriginal peopled gets equal justice in terms of health and support them by founding the best health care system for them. The main motive of this organization is to bring the aboriginal people in the main stream of society. There are certain objectives of this organization. They are as follows: To support the aboriginal people by providing them culturally appreciative health service in the local communities (Shephard et al., 2014). This organization encourages the members of this organization to research about the main causes of their illness within the Aboriginal territory (Wakerman et al., 2016). The organization is very particular about the cultural matters of the native people. Finally, the main objective of this organization is to mitigate sufferings, ailments, poverty and hardships of this aboriginal people (Bailie et al., 2014). There are certain steps to meet the objectives. They are as follows:- To advocate the cultural awareness and virtue of Aboriginal Community Controlled extensive primary health care (Harfield et al., 2015). The organizations have to respect the opinions of the members and safeguard the rights of the people. Activities of the Indigenous Health Organization This health organization has various activities to fulfill the crisis of the health needs of the aboriginal people, which must be supervised and managed by the local communities. They are as follows :- The first is the e-health unit, which collaborates with the key health care unit so that the health care providers with the help of this e-health service can solve health issues (Hoy et al., 2014). They have used Electronic Clinical Information system to continue this e-health unit. The AMSANT also works in research and policy They supervise many research projects and execute research activities in the organization. It also supports the members to become engage in the research activities. AMSANT has also collaboration with Australian Indigenous Organization Alcohol and Other Drugs Knowledge Centre ( AOD) so that the organization can cure the patients from within. AMSANT is well aware of the fact that social causes are somehow responsible for the deterioration for the health. Therefore, they takes the initiative to uproot the problem from its roots and conduct the AOD and mental health programmes to sort out this social issue, which indirectly hampers the health of a person (Lee et al., 2014). There are certain aboriginal health forums in this organization. They are- The Primary Health Care Unit is the main essence of this organization in the Northern Territory of Australia because it allows the availability of health care service to the aboriginal people in the local communities and remote areas (Panaretto et al., 2014). Hospitals and Specialist care is one of the major focuses of this organization. The organization tries to provide extensive health care unit for critical patients (Dwyer et al., 2014) .It also tries to meet the social, cultural and health care of the aboriginal people and their kins. Another important thing is the forum also concentrates on the social determinates for the deterioration of the health. The Public Health Network works as a community of medical professionals who are involved in Primary Medical Care unit. The network also includes experts in Public Health Medical Officers. The main goals of this network are : The Public Health Network must discuss about the public health problems that affects the aboriginal people (Wilkes et al.,2014) . The people who are involved in this network must inform the clinicians about the transformations in the health sector. They also have the responsibility to inform the clinicians about the policies of AMSANT Members of the Organization The chief executive of this AMSANT organization is John Pearson and the chairperson is Marion Scrymgour. There are different member services of this organization. They are: Amoonguna Health Clinic, Ampilatwatja Health Centre Aboriginal, Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation, Bagot Community Health Unit ,Balunu Foundation ,Central Australian Aboriginal Alcohol Programme Unit ,Central Australian Aboriginal Congress ,Danila Dilba Health Service Aboriginal Corporation ,Katherine West Board Aboriginal Organization , Laynhapuy Homelands Aboriginal Corporation ,Ltyentye Apurte Community Health Centre ( Santa Teresa) , Malabam Health Board Aboriginal Corporation , Marthakal Homeland Health Service , Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation ,Mutitjulu Health Service ,Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Womens Council, Pintupi Homelands Health Service ,Red Lily Health Board ,Sunrise Health Service Aboriginal Corporation ,Urapuntja Health Service Utju Health Service Health Aboriginal Co rporation ,Western Aranda Health Aboriginal Corporation ( WAHAC) ,Western Desert Nganampa Walytja Palyantjaku Tjutaku Aboriginal Corp, Wurli Wurlinjang Health Service. Contacts and Location of the Organization There are two offices of the AMSANT organization. One office is at Darwin and Alice Spring. Darwin Address- MOONTA HOUSE 43 Mitchell Street, Darwin Northern Territory 0800 Postal Address -GPO Box 1624, Darwin Northern Territory 0801 Telephone Number (08) 8944 66 Fax : ( 08) 8981 4825 Email :reception@amsant.org.au Alice Spring Postal Address PO Box 1464, Alice Springs Northern Territory 0871 Address -34-38, Hartley St. Alice Springs Northern Territory 0870 Telephone:(08) 8959 4600 Fax:(08) 8953 0553 The link of website of this organization is - https://www.amsant.org.au/about-us/contact-us/ Comments and Reflections AMSANT health organization is an organization dedicated to the health care service of the aboriginal people. This organization has great farsightedness that people suffer not only due to physical ailment but also mainly due to the socio-economic problems. Hence, this organization tried to concentrate on the social problems of the aboriginal people. This organization also puts emphasis on the cultural issue of the native people and they deal this issue with great care (Smith et al., 2015). Conclusion In the conclusion we can say, that the ASMANT organization motive is to give the access of the primary health care to the aboriginal tribes of the Northern Territory in Australia. These aboriginal people comes from very poor background, so in order to provide them the best medical service, this organization has taken different initiatives to provide the best medical care. The infrastructure and the principles formed by this ASMANT organization are remarkable. Many other organizations have collaboration with this health care organization that enhances the growth of this organization. Although this organization provides health service to the aboriginal people of Northern Territory of Australia but it also puts much emphasis on the mental and cultural cause of the health ailment. Reference Bailie, J., Schierhout, G. H., Kelaher, M. A., Laycock, A. F., Percival, N. A., ODonoghue, L. R., ... Bailie, R. S. (2014). Follow-up of Indigenous-specific health assessmentsa socioecological analysis.Med J Aust,200(11), 653-657. Davy, C., Kite, E., Aitken, G., Dodd, G., Rigney, J., Hayes, J., Van Emden, J. (2015). What keeps you strong? How primary healthcare and aged care services can support the wellbeing of older Indigenous peoples: a systematic literature review protocol.JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports,13(12), 47-58. Dwyer, J., Boulton, A., Lavoie, J. G., Tenbensel, T., Cumming, J. (2014). Indigenous peoples health care: new approaches to contracting and accountability at the public administration frontier.Public Management Review,16(8), 1091-1112. Harfield, S., Davy, C., Kite, E., McArthur, A., Munn, Z., Brown, N., Brown, A. (2015). Characteristics of Indigenous primary health care models of service delivery: a scoping review protocol.JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports,13(11), 43-51. Hoy, W. E., Swanson, C. E., Hope, A., Smith, J., Masters, C. (2014). Evidence for improved patient management through electronic patient records at a Central Australian Aboriginal Health Service.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,38(2), 154-159. Ilton, M. K., Walsh, W. F., Brown, A. D., Tideman, P. A., Zeitz, C. J., Wilson, J. (2014). A framework for overcoming disparities in management of acute coronary syndromes in the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. A consensus statement from the National Heart Foundation of Australia.Med J Aust,200(11), 639-43. Lee, K. S., Harrison, K., Mills, K., Conigrave, K. M. (2014). Needs of Aboriginal Australian women with comorbid mental and alcohol and other drug use disorders.Drug and alcohol review,33(5), 473-481. Panaretto, K. S., Wenitong, M., Button, S., Ring, I. T. (2014). Aboriginal community controlled health services: leading the way in primary care.Med J Aust,200(11), 649-52. Shephard, M. D., Spaeth, B. A., Mazzachi, B. C., Auld, M., Schatz, S., Lingwood, A. ... Daniel, V. (2014). Toward Sustainable Point-of-Care Testing in Remote Australiathe Northern Territory i-STAT Point-of-Care Testing Program.Point of Care,13(1), 6-11. Smith, J. A., Schmitt, D., Fereday, L., Bonson, J. (2015). Ethics and health promotion within policy and practice contexts in a small jurisdiction: perspectives from the Northern Territory.Health promotion journal of Australia: official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals,26(3), 231. Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J., Bourke, L., Dunbar, T., Jones, M., Carey, T. A., ... Murakami-Gold, L. (2016). Assessing the Impact and Cost of Short-Term Health Workforce in Remote Indigenous Communities in Australia: A Mixed Methods Study Protocol.JMIR research protocols,5(4). Wilkes, E., Gray, D., Casey, W., Stearne, A., Dadd, L. (2014). Harmful substance use and mental health.Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice, 125-146