Endosymbiotic Theory

The endosymbiotic theory is the accepted mechanism for how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. First published by Lynn Margulis in the late 1960s, the Endosymbiont Theory proposed that the main organelles of the eukaryotic cell were actually primitive prokaryotic cells that had been engulfed by a different, bigger prokaryotic cell. The term endosymbiosis means to cooperate inside. Whether the larger cell provided protection for the smaller cells, or the smaller cells provided energy to the larger cell, this arrangement seemed to be mutually beneficial to all of the prokaryotes. While this sounded like a far-fetched idea at first, the data to back it up is undeniable. The organelles that seemed to have been their own cells include the mitochondria and, in photosynthetic cells, the chloroplast. Both of these organelles have their own DNA and their own ribosomes that do not match the rest of the cell. This indicates that they could survive and reproduce on their own. In fact, the DNA in the chloroplast is very similar to photosynthetic bacteria called cyanobacteria. The DNA in the mitochondria is most like that of the bacteria that causes typhus. Before these prokaryotes were able to undergo endosymbiosis, they first most likely had to become colonial organisms. Colonial organisms are groups of prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that live in close proximity to other single-celled prokaryotes. Even though the individual single-celled organisms remained separate and could survive independently, there was some sort of advantage to living close to other prokaryotes. Whether this was a function of protection or a way to get more energy, colonialism has to be beneficial in some manner for all of the prokaryotes involved in the colony. Once these single-celled living things were within close enough proximity to one another, they took their symbiotic relationship one step further. The larger unicellular organism engulfed other, smaller, single-celled organisms. At that point, they were no longer independent colonial organisms but instead were one large cell. When the larger cell that had engulfed the smaller cells went to divide, copies of the smaller prokaryotes inside were made and passed down to the daughter cells. Eventually, the smaller prokaryotes that had been engulfed adapted and evolved into some of the organelles we know of today in eukaryotic cells like the mitochondria and chloroplasts. Other organelles eventually arose from these first organelles, including the nucleus where the DNA in a eukaryote is housed, the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus. In the modern eukaryotic cell, these parts are known as membrane-bound organelles. They still do not appear in prokaryotic cells like bacteria and archaea but are present in all organisms classified under the Eukarya domain.

Poverty and the American Dream Essay - 2446 Words

Poverty and the American Dream Research Paper Final Draft Jeffery White English 101 Section 7 December 20,2012 The American Dream has driven many people for a long time. The dream has been presented in Hollywood movies showing a family or person striving to succeed in America. When the dream is mentioned it is done so as a powerful symbol inspiring a whole nation of immigrants. However, the â€Å"Dream† is misleading because it implies there is only one rather than many. Moreover, there are many perceptions of the American Dream and its fulfillment depends on culture, age and citizenship. This misperception of the American Dream has led to the downfall of many immigrants who came in search or pursuit of the American dream. For example†¦show more content†¦They show that you can come to America and achieve greatness by doing a little. They have to wear designer clothes and in a suburban home. This view is sometimes defined as: â€Å"A delusion, an illusion meant to keep people dissatisfied and hungering to spend more money, in the hopes that the next purchase will be the one that buys them the happiness they are promised. What no one told our framers is that happiness isnt a commodity. It is something that is internal, easily found, and free of charge. Happiness and the reality of the American dream are found in abandoning the false dream, and creating one of your own. Understanding that all the trappings of Western culture are props in a badly acted movie, and that you can throw their script away and make one of your own is a liberating experience. It is possible to have a wonderfully rich and fulfilling life without designer clothes, a wedding register, minivan, suburban house, or even a TV (Johnson, 2001).† This delusion does not only prevent you from societies true identity, but leads to the downfall of a person. â€Å"For an immigrant the American dream is to achieve economic wellbeing and good quality of life through hard work and perseverance. As well as, the aspect of family and emotional and physical wellbeing.† (Van de Rijt, 2008). Even though this is the view of many immigrants, they are hindered to achieve that success. One has to ask themselves this question: How can immigrantsShow MoreRelatedPoverty And The American Dream919 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2000, the poverty rate among children was 16.2% (Reef 253)! Poverty is a relevant issue that isn t going away. It s ruining minds and lives at the same time. Poverty changes how people view the American Dream, achieve the American Dream, and even affect how people s brains work and develop. With all of the media s hatred of poor people, it must affect their self-confidence and how they view the American Dream. Through her experience, Jennifer Mayer has noticed that very problem. While workingRead MorePoverty And The American Dream933 Words   |  4 Pages42% of kids born in poverty will not get out. Today, more Americans are falling below the poverty line and are struggling trying to find a way to get out. The Inequality gap in America has increased for the past few decades. Resulting from Economic Inequality in America, 400 Americans share more than 50% of America’s total wealth. These 400 Americans are the Top 1%. While the Top 1% are living luxurious lives, the Bottom 99% is struggling to make ends meet. Inequality is nothing new to the UnitedRead MorePoverty and the American Dream4620 Words   |  19 Pagesâ€Å"The American Dream† as defined by James Truslow Adams in 1931 is a national ethos of the United States in which freedom includes the opportu nity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility achieved through hard work. Truslow states life should be worse and poorer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement regardless of social class or circumstances of birth. The idea of the American Dream is rooted in the United States Declaration of IndependenceRead MorePoverty And Chances Of Accomplishing The American Dream Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesLewis Teofil Husar ENG-111 11/30/16 Poverty and Chances of Accomplishing the American Dream. Everyone has heard of the American dream but is it even achievable? As the years go on, many children are born into poverty and stuck with the possibility of not making it out of the lower class. â€Å"The nations official poverty rate in 2015 was 13.5 percent, with 43.1 million people in poverty, 3.5 million fewer than in 2014. The 1.2 percentage point decrease in the poverty rate from 2014 to 2015 representsRead MoreWage Crisis By Michael Maher : Money, Power And The American Dream : Why Poverty?1189 Words   |  5 Pageswhen the future actually comes. The films Wage Crisis by Michael Maher; Park Avenue: Money, Power and the American Dream: Why Poverty? by Alex Gibney; and The Secret of Oz by Ben Still, are some of the films that highlight the future or work and the how the wages and economy are really affecting those who are looking for work and trying to work towards a common goal – achieving the American Dream. Throughout this review, these movies will be compared to t he content that have been covered in the FutureRead MoreEssay on Poverty and Sociology1344 Words   |  6 Pages2 million people were considered poor. The nation’s poverty rate rose to 15.1 percent, whereas in 2009, 14.3 percent of people in America were living in poverty (Censky, 2011). That is an increase of 2.6 million people in 2010. In the United States, the federal poverty line – an absolute measure of annual income – is frequently used to determine who is categorized as poor (Ferris Stein, 2008, 2010). Currently the government defines the poverty line as an income of $11,139 for an individual and $22Read MoreThe American Dream : The Myth Of The American Dream1296 Words   |  6 PagesThe Myth of The American Dream   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the years immigrants have come to America in hopes of achieving their dreams and finding success. But is America really what it’s thought to be? Can their American   dream become a reality?   Everyone in America has the dream of achieving success and wealth through their own hard work and determination. But due to the vicious cycle of poverty most are unable to achieve their American Dream.   The cycle of poverty in America is affected by many factors includingRead MoreEssay on How Debt Affects Americans822 Words   |  4 Pagesstruck by debt, they might have trouble recovering. Debt can cause Americans to lose their homes and stability they need to feed, and shelter their families. Although debt comes upon us Americans quickly, people can see debt as terrible thing to be stuck with. It has many disadvantages that can devastate to people. Within debt there are subtopics that can be debated. We have the poor and the people who are living in poverty. Poverty is seen as a big problem within America. â€Å"It is defined as the stateRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1486 Words   |  6 Pageslegally and socially poor in the United States tend to stay in a cycle through life, not always by choice, but because they are given less opportunities, education and tools to achieve their success. The poverty stricken class has a significantly larger income gap than the upper class, the American Dream is weakened through opportunity and is shown through statistics. Inequality exists and is high in America due to the amount of income and wealth that is distributed through power. In America the incomeRead MoreThe American Dream : The American Dream1014 Words   |  5 Pages The American Dream. The American Dream is made up of many different aspects and ideas. Like moving up the social , escaping poverty , freedom ,equality , pursuing our interests and passions , opinions and safety. Most of the dreams are different for an individual depending on their situation. Poverty is a struggle in life. Not having enough to eat , not having heat and shelter. For the kids , life in poverty is much tougher to overcome than those who already have help with wealth.

Bioinformatics Free Essays

Full report on BIOINFORMATICS PURIFICACION, MARYNOLD V. CHEM 161. 1 3L 2nd Semester AY 2012-1013 GROUPMATES: Donato, Lualhati M. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioinformatics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diaz, Manuelle Marie C. Date Submitted: March 8, 2013 Laboratory Instructor: Ms. Herra Grajo I. INTRODUCTION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. There are different data bases that can be used like National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute database (EMBL-EBI), GenBank (US-based), SwissProt/UniProt, DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), Entrez and PubMed. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool, or  BLAST, is an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences. A BLAST search allows a researcher to compare a query sequence with a library or  database  of sequences, and identify library sequences that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold. The BLAST program was designed by  Stephen Altschul,  Warren Gish,  Webb Miller,  Eugene Myers, and David J. Lipman  at the  NIH  and was published in the  Journal of Molecular Biology  in 1990. On the other hand,ProtParam is a very useful softwarethat can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. The parameters that can be computed by ProtParam include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY). At the end of this exercise, the student should be able to understand the concept and process of bioinformatics; to know the process on how to use computer programs related in biological information; and to apply these programs on different protein sequences and identify different informations using these programs. II. METHODOLOGY The FASTA sequence of the given proteins namely; Myk, Gi, Glean, Astara, Niko, SR, Joma, Melai, Danne, Jay, Annie and Hani were analyzed using BLAST and ProtParam. BLAST showed the protein with that given sequence and its function was researched. ProtParam, on the other hand, showed the amino acid composition of the given protein, its theoretical IpH, estimated molecular weight and other pertinent information. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. In this exercise, the computer program called Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used to identify different protein sequences and determine the function of these proteins. Also, a computer program named ProtParam was used to determine the IpH and estimated molecular weight of the said proteins. Different sequences of proteins were analyzed using these 2 algorithms to study their identities, properties and purposes. Table 1 show the list of the given protein sequences, their identity, their theoretical IpH and estimated molecular weight. The FASTA sequences of the different codes are also shown below. PROTEIN SEQUENCES: Myk qavlslyasgrttgivldsgdgvthtvpiyegfalphailrldlagrdltdalmkiltergysftttaereivrdikeklayvaldyeqelesa Gi mftasqegdgmskshvhrsvwwswlvgvltvvglglglgsgvglapgsaapsglaldrfadrplapidps Glean mmvawwslflyglqvaapalaatpadwrsqsiyflltdrfartdgsttatcntadqkycggtwqgiidkldyiqgmgftaiwitpvtar Astara kkkslalvlatgmavttfggtgsafadsknvlstkkynetvqspefvsgdlteatgkkaesvvfdylnaakgdyklgeksaqdcfkvkqakkdavtdst Niko mgsigaasmefcfdvfkelkvhhanenifycpiaimsalamvylgakdstrtqinkvvrfdklpgfgdsieaqcgtsvnvhsslrdil SR ndfnlqdfnvgdyiqavldrnlaenisrvlypndnffegkelrlkqeyfvvaatlqdvirrfkaskfgskdgvgtvfdafpdqvaiqlndthpalaipel Joma vgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedfderevrgigkflhsakkfgkafvgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedlderevrgigkflhsakkf gk Melai tedskgghpfssetkeklnkeggafpgpsgslkfcpleiaqklwkenhseiypimktptrtrlaliicstdfqhlsrrvgadvdlremklllqdlgytvkvkenltale Danne kllravitcltypekhfekvlrlsinkmgtdewgltrvvttrtevdmerikeeyqrrnsipldraiakdtsgdyedmlvallghgda Jay sltafndlklgkkykfilfglndakteivvketstdpsydafleklpendclyaiydfeyeingnegkrskivfftwspdtapvrskmvyasskdalrr Annie kakyltemprasellshgipykankravpdridwresgyvtevkdqggcgscwafsttgamegqymknektsisfseqqlvdcsgpfgnygcngglmena Hani valkgfakffkessdeerehaeklmeyqnkrggrvrlqsivtpltefdhpekgdalyamelalaleklvneklhnlhgvatrcndpqltdfieseflee Table 1. Identity, IpH and molecular weight of different protein sequences. Name| Identity| IpH| Molecular weight, g/mol| Myk| NBD_sugar-kinase_HSAP70_actin superfamilyActin| 4. 72| 10344. 7| Gi| Pepsin A trypsin| 5. 97| 7144. 1| Glean| AmyAC_family superfamilyAmylase A| 5. 93| 10002. 4| Astara| Protease| 8. 97| 10595. 0| Niko| SERPIN superfamilySerpin ovalbumin| 6. 24| 9899. 4| SR| Glycosyltransferase_GTB_type superfamilyGlycogen phosphorylase| 4. 65| 11336. 7| Joma| Magainin| 5. 21| 9931. 1| Melai| CASc superfamilyCaspase| 7. 73| 12230. 0| Danne| Annexin superfamilyAnnexin| 6. 14| 10022. 5| Jay| ADF_gelsolon superfamilyCofilin| 5. 47| 11504. 0| Annie| Peptidase_C1ACathepsin| 5. 80| 10982. 2| Hani| Euk_FerritinFerritin_like superfamilyFerritin| 5. 06| 11519. 9| Actin forms  microfilaments  which are typically one of the most dynamic of the three subclasses of the eukaryotic  cytoskeleton. In turn, this gives actin major functions in cells: * To form  microfilaments  to give mechanical support to cells, and provide trafficking routes through the cytoplasm to support signal transduction. * To allow  cell motility  in cells which undergo  amoeboid  motion using  pseudopods and  phagocytosis, for example of bacteria by  macrophages. * In  metazoan  muscle  cells, to be the scaffold on which  myosin  proteins generate force to support muscle contraction. In nonmuscle cells, to be a track for cargo transport myosins (nonconventional myosins) such as myosin V and VI. Nonconventional myosins use ATP hydrolysis to transport cargo, such as  vesicles  and organelles, in a directed fashion much faster than diffusion. Myosin V walks towards the barbed end of actin filaments, while myosin VI walks toward the pointed end. Most actin filaments are arranged with the barbed end toward the cellular membrane and the pointed end toward the cellular interior. This arrangement allows myosin V to be an effective motor for export of cargos, and myosin VI to be an effective motor for import. Pepsin  is an  enzyme  whose  zymogen  (pepsinogen) is released by the  chief cells  in the  stomach  and that degrades food  proteins  into  peptides. The ? -amylases (EC  3. 2. 1. 1  ) (CAS# 9014-71-5) (alternative names: 1,4-? -D-glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase)are  calcium  metalloenzymes, completely unable to function in the absence of calcium. By acting at random locations along the starch chain, alpha-amylase breaks down ling-chain carbohydrates, ultimately yielding maltotriose and maltose from amyloase, glucose and â€Å"limit dextrin† from amylopectin. It can act anywhere on the  substrate, ? amylase tends to be faster-acting than ? -amylase. In  animals, it is a major  digestive  enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6. 7-7. 0. In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are ? -amylases. A  protease  (also termed  peptidase  or  proteinase) is any  enzyme  that conducts  proteolysis, that is, beg ins  protein  catabolism  by  hydrolysis  of the  peptide bonds  that link  amino acids  together in thepolypeptide  chain forming the protein. Serpins  are a group of  proteins  with similar structures that were first identified as a set of proteins able to  inhibit  proteases. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in  glycogenolysis  in animals by releasing  glucose-1-phosphate  from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. Ovalbumin  (OVA) is the main  protein  found in  egg white, making up 60-65% of the total protein. Ovalbumin displays sequence and three-dimensional  homology  to the  serpin  superfamily, but unlike most serpins it is not a  serine protease  inhibitor. The function of ovalbumin is unknown, although it is presumed to be a  storage protein. Ovalbumin is an important protein in several different areas of research, including:general studies of protein structure and propertiesbecause it is available in large quantities; studies of serpin structure and function since ovalbumin does not inhibit proteases which means that by comparing its structure with that of inhibitory serpins, the structural characteristics required for inhibition can be determined; in proteomics  where it is used as a molecular weight marker for calibrating  electrophoresis  gel; and in immunology where it is commonly used to stimulate an  allergic reaction  in test subjects likean established model allergen for  airway hyper-responsiveness, AHR. Caspases, or  cysteine-aspartic or  cysteine-dependent  aspartate-directed proteases  are a family of  cysteine proteases  that play essential roles inapoptosis  (programmed cell death),  necrosis, and  inflammation. Caspase 1/interleukin-1 converting enzyme is an  enzyme  that  proteolytically  cleaves other proteins, such as the  precursor  forms of the inflammatorycytokines  interleukin 1-? and  interleukin 18, into active mature peptides. It belongs to a family of  cysteine proteases  known as  caspases  that always cleave proteins following an  aspartic acid  residue. Caspase 1 has been shown to induce cell  necrosis  or  pyroptosis  and may function in various developmental stages. Studies of a similar protein in mouse suggest a role in the pathogenesis of  Huntington’s disease. Alternative splicing  of the gene results in five transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Annexins have been observed to play a role along the  exocytotic  pathway, specifically in the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be involved in the transport and also sorting of endocytotic events. Annexin one is a substrate of the EGF (epidermal growth factor)  tyrosine kinase  which becomes phosphorylated on its N terminus when the receptor is internalized. Cofilin is a ubiquitous actin-binding factor required for the reorganization of actin filaments. ADF/Cofilin family members bind G-actin monomers and depolymerize actin filaments through two mechanisms: severing and increasing the off-rate for actin monomers from the pointed end. Older† ADP/ADP-Pi actin filaments free of tropomyosin and proper pH are required for cofilin to function effectively. In the presence of readily available ATP-G-actin cofilin speeds-up actin polymerization via its actin- severing activity (providing free barbed ends for further polymerization and nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex). As a long-lasting  in vivo  effect, cofilin recycles older ADP-F-actin, helping cell to maintain ATP-G-actin pool for sustained motility. pH, phosphorylation and phosphoinositides regulate cofilin’s binding and associating activity with actin The  Arp2/3 complex  and cofilin work together to reorganize the actin filaments in the  cytoskeleton. Arp 2/3, an actin binding proteins complex, binds to the side of ATP-F-actin near the growing barbed end of the filament, causing nucleation of a new F-actin branch, while cofilin-driven depolymerization takes place after dissociating from the Arp2/3 complex. They also work together to reorganize microtubules in order to traffic more proteins by vesicle to continue the growth of filaments. Cofilin also binds with other proteins such as  myosin,  tropomyosin,  ? -actinin,  gelsolin  and  scruin. These proteins compete with cofilin for actin binding. ?ofilin also play role in innate immune response. Cathepsins have a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover, e. g. bone resorption. They degrade  polypeptides  and are distinguished by their  substrate  specificites. Ferritin serves to store iron in a non-toxic form, to deposit it in a safe form, and to transport it to areas where it is required. Knowing the protein sequence gives many advantages in studies especially dealing with medicine. The protein of interest whether it is the cause of the abnormality or the cure for abnormality can be identified with just few clicks. The reasons behind similarity of protein sequences despite diversity of source organism is because even though all protein families have distinct functional compositions across different species, some conserved functional features among family members included a shared reaction mechanism, cofactor usage, and/or ligand specificity. IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool (BLAST), an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences; and ProtParam, a very useful software that can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. Such parameters include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, How to cite Bioinformatics, Essay examples Bioinformatics Free Essays Full report on BIOINFORMATICS PURIFICACION, MARYNOLD V. CHEM 161. 1 3L 2nd Semester AY 2012-1013 GROUPMATES: Donato, Lualhati M. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioinformatics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diaz, Manuelle Marie C. Date Submitted: March 8, 2013 Laboratory Instructor: Ms. Herra Grajo I. INTRODUCTION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. There are different data bases that can be used like National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute database (EMBL-EBI), GenBank (US-based), SwissProt/UniProt, DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), Entrez and PubMed. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool, or  BLAST, is an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences. A BLAST search allows a researcher to compare a query sequence with a library or  database  of sequences, and identify library sequences that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold. The BLAST program was designed by  Stephen Altschul,  Warren Gish,  Webb Miller,  Eugene Myers, and David J. Lipman  at the  NIH  and was published in the  Journal of Molecular Biology  in 1990. On the other hand,ProtParam is a very useful softwarethat can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. The parameters that can be computed by ProtParam include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, aliphatic index and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY). At the end of this exercise, the student should be able to understand the concept and process of bioinformatics; to know the process on how to use computer programs related in biological information; and to apply these programs on different protein sequences and identify different informations using these programs. II. METHODOLOGY The FASTA sequence of the given proteins namely; Myk, Gi, Glean, Astara, Niko, SR, Joma, Melai, Danne, Jay, Annie and Hani were analyzed using BLAST and ProtParam. BLAST showed the protein with that given sequence and its function was researched. ProtParam, on the other hand, showed the amino acid composition of the given protein, its theoretical IpH, estimated molecular weight and other pertinent information. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. In this exercise, the computer program called Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used to identify different protein sequences and determine the function of these proteins. Also, a computer program named ProtParam was used to determine the IpH and estimated molecular weight of the said proteins. Different sequences of proteins were analyzed using these 2 algorithms to study their identities, properties and purposes. Table 1 show the list of the given protein sequences, their identity, their theoretical IpH and estimated molecular weight. The FASTA sequences of the different codes are also shown below. PROTEIN SEQUENCES: Myk qavlslyasgrttgivldsgdgvthtvpiyegfalphailrldlagrdltdalmkiltergysftttaereivrdikeklayvaldyeqelesa Gi mftasqegdgmskshvhrsvwwswlvgvltvvglglglgsgvglapgsaapsglaldrfadrplapidps Glean mmvawwslflyglqvaapalaatpadwrsqsiyflltdrfartdgsttatcntadqkycggtwqgiidkldyiqgmgftaiwitpvtar Astara kkkslalvlatgmavttfggtgsafadsknvlstkkynetvqspefvsgdlteatgkkaesvvfdylnaakgdyklgeksaqdcfkvkqakkdavtdst Niko mgsigaasmefcfdvfkelkvhhanenifycpiaimsalamvylgakdstrtqinkvvrfdklpgfgdsieaqcgtsvnvhsslrdil SR ndfnlqdfnvgdyiqavldrnlaenisrvlypndnffegkelrlkqeyfvvaatlqdvirrfkaskfgskdgvgtvfdafpdqvaiqlndthpalaipel Joma vgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedfderevrgigkflhsakkfgkafvgeimnskrdaeavgpeafadedlderevrgigkflhsakkf gk Melai tedskgghpfssetkeklnkeggafpgpsgslkfcpleiaqklwkenhseiypimktptrtrlaliicstdfqhlsrrvgadvdlremklllqdlgytvkvkenltale Danne kllravitcltypekhfekvlrlsinkmgtdewgltrvvttrtevdmerikeeyqrrnsipldraiakdtsgdyedmlvallghgda Jay sltafndlklgkkykfilfglndakteivvketstdpsydafleklpendclyaiydfeyeingnegkrskivfftwspdtapvrskmvyasskdalrr Annie kakyltemprasellshgipykankravpdridwresgyvtevkdqggcgscwafsttgamegqymknektsisfseqqlvdcsgpfgnygcngglmena Hani valkgfakffkessdeerehaeklmeyqnkrggrvrlqsivtpltefdhpekgdalyamelalaleklvneklhnlhgvatrcndpqltdfieseflee Table 1. Identity, IpH and molecular weight of different protein sequences. Name| Identity| IpH| Molecular weight, g/mol| Myk| NBD_sugar-kinase_HSAP70_actin superfamilyActin| 4. 72| 10344. 7| Gi| Pepsin A trypsin| 5. 97| 7144. 1| Glean| AmyAC_family superfamilyAmylase A| 5. 93| 10002. 4| Astara| Protease| 8. 97| 10595. 0| Niko| SERPIN superfamilySerpin ovalbumin| 6. 24| 9899. 4| SR| Glycosyltransferase_GTB_type superfamilyGlycogen phosphorylase| 4. 65| 11336. 7| Joma| Magainin| 5. 21| 9931. 1| Melai| CASc superfamilyCaspase| 7. 73| 12230. 0| Danne| Annexin superfamilyAnnexin| 6. 14| 10022. 5| Jay| ADF_gelsolon superfamilyCofilin| 5. 47| 11504. 0| Annie| Peptidase_C1ACathepsin| 5. 80| 10982. 2| Hani| Euk_FerritinFerritin_like superfamilyFerritin| 5. 06| 11519. 9| Actin forms  microfilaments  which are typically one of the most dynamic of the three subclasses of the eukaryotic  cytoskeleton. In turn, this gives actin major functions in cells: * To form  microfilaments  to give mechanical support to cells, and provide trafficking routes through the cytoplasm to support signal transduction. * To allow  cell motility  in cells which undergo  amoeboid  motion using  pseudopods and  phagocytosis, for example of bacteria by  macrophages. * In  metazoan  muscle  cells, to be the scaffold on which  myosin  proteins generate force to support muscle contraction. In nonmuscle cells, to be a track for cargo transport myosins (nonconventional myosins) such as myosin V and VI. Nonconventional myosins use ATP hydrolysis to transport cargo, such as  vesicles  and organelles, in a directed fashion much faster than diffusion. Myosin V walks towards the barbed end of actin filaments, while myosin VI walks toward the pointed end. Most actin filaments are arranged with the barbed end toward the cellular membrane and the pointed end toward the cellular interior. This arrangement allows myosin V to be an effective motor for export of cargos, and myosin VI to be an effective motor for import. Pepsin  is an  enzyme  whose  zymogen  (pepsinogen) is released by the  chief cells  in the  stomach  and that degrades food  proteins  into  peptides. The ? -amylases (EC  3. 2. 1. 1  ) (CAS# 9014-71-5) (alternative names: 1,4-? -D-glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase)are  calcium  metalloenzymes, completely unable to function in the absence of calcium. By acting at random locations along the starch chain, alpha-amylase breaks down ling-chain carbohydrates, ultimately yielding maltotriose and maltose from amyloase, glucose and â€Å"limit dextrin† from amylopectin. It can act anywhere on the  substrate, ? amylase tends to be faster-acting than ? -amylase. In  animals, it is a major  digestive  enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6. 7-7. 0. In human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are ? -amylases. A  protease  (also termed  peptidase  or  proteinase) is any  enzyme  that conducts  proteolysis, that is, beg ins  protein  catabolism  by  hydrolysis  of the  peptide bonds  that link  amino acids  together in thepolypeptide  chain forming the protein. Serpins  are a group of  proteins  with similar structures that were first identified as a set of proteins able to  inhibit  proteases. Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in  glycogenolysis  in animals by releasing  glucose-1-phosphate  from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond. Ovalbumin  (OVA) is the main  protein  found in  egg white, making up 60-65% of the total protein. Ovalbumin displays sequence and three-dimensional  homology  to the  serpin  superfamily, but unlike most serpins it is not a  serine protease  inhibitor. The function of ovalbumin is unknown, although it is presumed to be a  storage protein. Ovalbumin is an important protein in several different areas of research, including:general studies of protein structure and propertiesbecause it is available in large quantities; studies of serpin structure and function since ovalbumin does not inhibit proteases which means that by comparing its structure with that of inhibitory serpins, the structural characteristics required for inhibition can be determined; in proteomics  where it is used as a molecular weight marker for calibrating  electrophoresis  gel; and in immunology where it is commonly used to stimulate an  allergic reaction  in test subjects likean established model allergen for  airway hyper-responsiveness, AHR. Caspases, or  cysteine-aspartic or  cysteine-dependent  aspartate-directed proteases  are a family of  cysteine proteases  that play essential roles inapoptosis  (programmed cell death),  necrosis, and  inflammation. Caspase 1/interleukin-1 converting enzyme is an  enzyme  that  proteolytically  cleaves other proteins, such as the  precursor  forms of the inflammatorycytokines  interleukin 1-? and  interleukin 18, into active mature peptides. It belongs to a family of  cysteine proteases  known as  caspases  that always cleave proteins following an  aspartic acid  residue. Caspase 1 has been shown to induce cell  necrosis  or  pyroptosis  and may function in various developmental stages. Studies of a similar protein in mouse suggest a role in the pathogenesis of  Huntington’s disease. Alternative splicing  of the gene results in five transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Annexins have been observed to play a role along the  exocytotic  pathway, specifically in the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be the later stages, near or at the plasma membrane. Annexins have been found to be involved in the transport and also sorting of endocytotic events. Annexin one is a substrate of the EGF (epidermal growth factor)  tyrosine kinase  which becomes phosphorylated on its N terminus when the receptor is internalized. Cofilin is a ubiquitous actin-binding factor required for the reorganization of actin filaments. ADF/Cofilin family members bind G-actin monomers and depolymerize actin filaments through two mechanisms: severing and increasing the off-rate for actin monomers from the pointed end. Older† ADP/ADP-Pi actin filaments free of tropomyosin and proper pH are required for cofilin to function effectively. In the presence of readily available ATP-G-actin cofilin speeds-up actin polymerization via its actin- severing activity (providing free barbed ends for further polymerization and nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex). As a long-lasting  in vivo  effect, cofilin recycles older ADP-F-actin, helping cell to maintain ATP-G-actin pool for sustained motility. pH, phosphorylation and phosphoinositides regulate cofilin’s binding and associating activity with actin The  Arp2/3 complex  and cofilin work together to reorganize the actin filaments in the  cytoskeleton. Arp 2/3, an actin binding proteins complex, binds to the side of ATP-F-actin near the growing barbed end of the filament, causing nucleation of a new F-actin branch, while cofilin-driven depolymerization takes place after dissociating from the Arp2/3 complex. They also work together to reorganize microtubules in order to traffic more proteins by vesicle to continue the growth of filaments. Cofilin also binds with other proteins such as  myosin,  tropomyosin,  ? -actinin,  gelsolin  and  scruin. These proteins compete with cofilin for actin binding. ?ofilin also play role in innate immune response. Cathepsins have a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover, e. g. bone resorption. They degrade  polypeptides  and are distinguished by their  substrate  specificites. Ferritin serves to store iron in a non-toxic form, to deposit it in a safe form, and to transport it to areas where it is required. Knowing the protein sequence gives many advantages in studies especially dealing with medicine. The protein of interest whether it is the cause of the abnormality or the cure for abnormality can be identified with just few clicks. The reasons behind similarity of protein sequences despite diversity of source organism is because even though all protein families have distinct functional compositions across different species, some conserved functional features among family members included a shared reaction mechanism, cofactor usage, and/or ligand specificity. IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Bioinformatics is the branch of  biological  science which deals with the study of methods for storing, retrieving and analyzing biological data, such as  nucleic acid  (DNA/RNA) and protein sequence, structure, function,  pathways  and  genetic interactions. It is very important since it contains large amount of information regarding biomolecules that a human mind is not able to store and process such data. Basic  Local  Alignment  Search  Tool (BLAST), an  algorithm  for associating  primary  biological sequence information, like amino-acid  sequences of various  proteins  or the  nucleotides  of  DNA sequences; and ProtParam, a very useful software that can compute various physico-chemical properties from a protein sequence. Such parameters include the molecular weight, theoretical pI, amino acid composition, atomic composition, extinction coefficient, estimated half-life, instability index, How to cite Bioinformatics, Papers Bioinformatics Free Essays As the world has changed into computer based and more of technology based, so has the various fields changed. Molecular biology is concerned with how the systems of a cell interact which also includes the DNA and RNA interactions plus the protein biosynthesis. It therefore involves several techniques which include Polymerase Chain Reactions, Western Blotting, southern blotting, expression cloning, gel electrophoresis and so many other techniques. We will write a custom essay sample on Bioinformatics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since it is mostly involved in the interactions of the cell systems, it requires means to be able to identify the DNA which are similar, if the DNA of some organism are evolving, if some mutation in a DNA can help in new inventions about how to deal with certain problems of the world among others. Determination of all these requires the use of information technology. There have been major advances in molecular biology and advances in technologies of genomic study too. This is the reason why there has been growth in biological information created by the scientists (Gibas and Jambeck, 2001). Because of these advances, genomic information has to be computerized and stored in databases in an organized manner for use. The databases are organized in a manner that scientists can retrieve information about a genome and more, add more information if need be and for future references (Gibas and Jambeck, 2001). It therefore means that the databases index the data for viewing and analysis purposes. Application of information technology in the field of molecular biology is what is known as Bioinformatics. It involves the creation of algorithms statistical techniques, databases and computational techniques in molecular biology. There are theories on how the biological data should be solved and how they should be managed. These are the theories that are the base of computation, data storage, data analysis and formation of algorithms (Letovsky, 1999). Bioinformatics This is a field of science, created due to the changing world enabling advances in molecular biology, that merge molecular biology, information technology and computer science together (Baxevanis and Ouellette, 2001). It is therefore a single discipline meant to make possible biological insight discoveries. It also creates an international perspective of biological principles discernation (Letovsky, 1999). As has been noted, this field was created due to the advances in molecular biology. At the beginning, as the world of computer began to take over, Bioinformatics was just meant for biological information storage. It was as simple as creation of the databases and maintaining them. Information stored at that time was amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences. At this time though, the researchers could retrieve information and put in more either revised or new invention (Baxevanis and Ouellette, 2001). As time and more advances are being made and more information is needed about the interaction of the cell system, Bioinformatics is evolving too. It is getting more complex with more information and more activities on molecular biology. This is due to the need to comprehend the normal cellular activities so that any abnormalities can be easily detected. Bioinformatics currently provides options of analysis and interpretation of data. Most analyzed and interpreted data include amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences, structures of protein and protein domains. This is what is referred to as computational biology (Baxevanis and Ouellette, 2001). There are two sub disciplines in Bioinformatics and computational biology. One is algorithm and statistics development for the assessment of large data sets. This includes data sets such as gene allocation from a specific sequence, formation of protein families from related protein sequences, protein structure prediction and protein function prediction (Westhead et al. , 2002). The other sub discipline is information management which requires development of tools that allow retrieval, use and management of information (Westhead et al. , 2002). Importance of Bioinformatics Since there is advancement in the world of technology, bioinformatics is to improve the understanding of the so many biological processes. This involves research areas of involvement such as evolutionary biology, gene expression analysis, analysis of cancer mutations, determination of biodiversity, analysis of sequences, comparative genomics, genome annotation and several others (Lesk, 2005). Gene Expression Analysis As this information technology system enables storage of information, analysis and interpretation, gene expression can be performed. This is done by the use of appropriate techniques which measure RNA levels such as sequencing of expressed complementary DNA, Serial Analysis of Gene Expression, micro arrays and so many other techniques. This is important in the determination of genes expressed in certain disorders (Lesk, 2005). Determination of such kinds of genes is important in the development of therapies, as developments have gone further in molecular biology so that disorders can be corrected using gene therapies. An example is gene replacement therapy. When a gene causing a specific disorder or disease is determined, a means of replacing it with a normal one could also be determined (Lesk, 2005). Evolutionary Biology Bioinformatics enables measurement of changes in the DNA of animals therefore determination of origins of evolution of animals from their ancestors. Other ways in which Bioinformatics has enabled researchers to study the origins of organism and animal species is through comparison of their genomes, hence classifying animals that originated from the same ancestor. Bioinformatics through computational models enable prediction of system outcome over a specified period of time (Lesk, 2005). Analysis of Sequences There are so many sequences that decode different proteins. These sequences are made available in the databases. This provides sequences for analysis, for example if a scientist has a sequence of a gene obtained from a species of organism and would like to know the sequence, he/she would check with the sequences in the data bases. In these databases, the information helps determine the genes that encode specific polypeptides and regulatory sequences. Sequence analysis also enables comparison of genes of species hence determination of certain protein functions (Lesk, 2005). Biodiversity Measurement Bioinformatics is also important as it enables measurement of biodiversity of an ecosystem. Biodiversity is all the genomes of all the different species of organisms and animals in an ecosystem. The animals and organisms’ names have therefore to be collected, including their descriptions, genetic information and distribution in a specific ecosystem. There are so many other important information about the organisms that have to be noted alongside the genetic information. These are such as habitat needs, species and population size (Barnes and Gray, 2003). All this information is stored in the databases and is collected for a reason. Several studies that require animal genomic constitution in an ecosystem do take place, therefore need an information source. Information technology has enabled formation of specialized programs of software which are used by the scientists and researchers to retrieve, analyze and share information about their research. This leads to more progress in the field of molecular biology. The importance of this is that it helps in the conservation of the ecosystem. For example, in an ecosystem, there are always those species that are endangered, this can easily be determined by this information technology system of biodiversity determination. Computer simulations has enabled modeling of conservation, population dynamics and calculation of a breeding pool’s genetic health (Barnes and Gray, 2003). Cancer Mutation Analysis Since bioinformatics has enabled storage of sequences of several genes and provided means through which analysis can be carried out, cancer mutations can be detected. Sequences of normal genes are stored in the databases. Determination of a cancer mutation is therefore not difficult as the normal sequence can be compared to the abnormal one and the area of difference marked. This has been used to find out point mutations and other types of mutations. As noted earlier, this is important in cancer therapy (Higgins and Taylor, 2000; (Lesk, 2005). Conclusion Bioinformatics has lead to enormous discoveries due to the provision of information about the genomes of different species, their characteristics and other biological information in the databases. The main issue here is the biological information, how to retrieve it, provision of analysis methods and provision of interpretation methods thereby assisting many studies in many areas. Application of information technology in molecular biology has enabled discoveries of therapies and genetic information about disease causing organisms. This application of information technology is very important as with the changes in the world, evolution is taking place and several different organisms are coming up. Some of these organisms can cause diseases to human and can be a threat if nothing is done about them. Since genome sequences, analysis methods and other important biological information are provided in the programs and databases, determination of the origin of such an organism can be easy and ways of treating it can also be established, therefore eliminating the threat to humans. If for example HIV mutates, like it does, and there are no effective ways of determining the mutation, it means the virus will kill so many people as the new strain has no way to be controlled. Bioinformatics is therefore very important in molecular biology. References Barnes, M. R. and Gray, I. C. (2003). Bioinformatics for Geneticists. US: Wiley. Baxevanis, A. D. and Ouellette, B. F. (2001). Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins. US: Wiley-IEEE. Gibas, C. and Jambeck, P. (2001). Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills. Oreilly Associates Inc. Higgins, D. and Taylor, W. (2000). Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure, and Databanks : a Practical Approach. UK: Oxford University Press. Letovsky, S. (1999). Bioinformatics: Databases and Systems. US: Springer. Lesk, A. M. (2005). Introduction to Bioinformatics. UK: Oxford University Press, 2005 Westhead, R. D. , Parish, J. H. and Twyman, M. R. (2002). Bioinformatics. UK: BIOS, 2002 How to cite Bioinformatics, Papers

Indigenous Health Organization Aboriginal Medical Service

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Health Organizationfor Aboriginal Medical Service. Answer: Introduction This report is mainly about the Aboriginal Medical Service Alliance Territory that is an indigenous health organization. It mainly puts emphasis on the health service of the aboriginal people. The mission of this organization is to cure the ailments of the native people of the Northern Territory of Australia. This report contains the background of this organization, the vision and objectives of this organization, the activities of this organization and the member-service of this organization and the contacts and location of this organization. In the end, there is comment on the reflection of this organization. Brief History and Background of the Organization Aboriginal Medical Service Alliance Territory has played a significant role in defending the rights of the native people of the in the Northern Territory of Australia regarding health care. The main motive of the organization is taking the responsibility of the aboriginal people by securing their funds regarding health services. This organization has linked with the National aboriginal and Islander Health Organization which is presently called NACCHO . This organization was established in October 1994. The foundation of the new structure of the Aboriginal Medical Service occurred from July 1996 to April 1998. Summits formed various health related meetings for the aboriginal people. The Banatjarl Health Summit occurred from 2ND August to 6th August in 1999. The Summit was organized to discuss about the health condition of the native people of Northern Territory. Decisions were taken about the process of health examination of the aboriginal people and the steps that were to be taken to improve the health condition of the people in the 1999 summit (Ilton et al., 2014). AMSANT Fresh Food Summit occurred in 10 May of 2010 to gather the native people, people in government services and the nutritionists to make a discussion about the food security of the in context to regional communities and remote areas. The Native people who stay in remote areas do not get proper accession of doctors and health care. Funds provided by Commonwealth are not sufficient to meet the needs of the native people (Davy et al., 2015). AMSANT has carried campaigns so that the Commonwealth government cashout for the medical purpose of the aboriginal purpose. This cashing-out campaign paved the way to the Aboriginal Coordinated Trials in the NT (1996-1997) and the announcement of the 1999 budget for the Primary Health Care Process Access Programme ( PHCAP). Vision and Objectives of the Organization The main vision of this organization is to make the aboriginal people happy and increase the longevity of the native people with better health. This organization also works for the improvement of the health and works for the purpose that the aboriginal people should have control over the primary health care system. This organization focuses on the fact that the the aboriginal peopled gets equal justice in terms of health and support them by founding the best health care system for them. The main motive of this organization is to bring the aboriginal people in the main stream of society. There are certain objectives of this organization. They are as follows: To support the aboriginal people by providing them culturally appreciative health service in the local communities (Shephard et al., 2014). This organization encourages the members of this organization to research about the main causes of their illness within the Aboriginal territory (Wakerman et al., 2016). The organization is very particular about the cultural matters of the native people. Finally, the main objective of this organization is to mitigate sufferings, ailments, poverty and hardships of this aboriginal people (Bailie et al., 2014). There are certain steps to meet the objectives. They are as follows:- To advocate the cultural awareness and virtue of Aboriginal Community Controlled extensive primary health care (Harfield et al., 2015). The organizations have to respect the opinions of the members and safeguard the rights of the people. Activities of the Indigenous Health Organization This health organization has various activities to fulfill the crisis of the health needs of the aboriginal people, which must be supervised and managed by the local communities. They are as follows :- The first is the e-health unit, which collaborates with the key health care unit so that the health care providers with the help of this e-health service can solve health issues (Hoy et al., 2014). They have used Electronic Clinical Information system to continue this e-health unit. The AMSANT also works in research and policy They supervise many research projects and execute research activities in the organization. It also supports the members to become engage in the research activities. AMSANT has also collaboration with Australian Indigenous Organization Alcohol and Other Drugs Knowledge Centre ( AOD) so that the organization can cure the patients from within. AMSANT is well aware of the fact that social causes are somehow responsible for the deterioration for the health. Therefore, they takes the initiative to uproot the problem from its roots and conduct the AOD and mental health programmes to sort out this social issue, which indirectly hampers the health of a person (Lee et al., 2014). There are certain aboriginal health forums in this organization. They are- The Primary Health Care Unit is the main essence of this organization in the Northern Territory of Australia because it allows the availability of health care service to the aboriginal people in the local communities and remote areas (Panaretto et al., 2014). Hospitals and Specialist care is one of the major focuses of this organization. The organization tries to provide extensive health care unit for critical patients (Dwyer et al., 2014) .It also tries to meet the social, cultural and health care of the aboriginal people and their kins. Another important thing is the forum also concentrates on the social determinates for the deterioration of the health. The Public Health Network works as a community of medical professionals who are involved in Primary Medical Care unit. The network also includes experts in Public Health Medical Officers. The main goals of this network are : The Public Health Network must discuss about the public health problems that affects the aboriginal people (Wilkes et al.,2014) . The people who are involved in this network must inform the clinicians about the transformations in the health sector. They also have the responsibility to inform the clinicians about the policies of AMSANT Members of the Organization The chief executive of this AMSANT organization is John Pearson and the chairperson is Marion Scrymgour. There are different member services of this organization. They are: Amoonguna Health Clinic, Ampilatwatja Health Centre Aboriginal, Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation, Bagot Community Health Unit ,Balunu Foundation ,Central Australian Aboriginal Alcohol Programme Unit ,Central Australian Aboriginal Congress ,Danila Dilba Health Service Aboriginal Corporation ,Katherine West Board Aboriginal Organization , Laynhapuy Homelands Aboriginal Corporation ,Ltyentye Apurte Community Health Centre ( Santa Teresa) , Malabam Health Board Aboriginal Corporation , Marthakal Homeland Health Service , Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation ,Mutitjulu Health Service ,Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Womens Council, Pintupi Homelands Health Service ,Red Lily Health Board ,Sunrise Health Service Aboriginal Corporation ,Urapuntja Health Service Utju Health Service Health Aboriginal Co rporation ,Western Aranda Health Aboriginal Corporation ( WAHAC) ,Western Desert Nganampa Walytja Palyantjaku Tjutaku Aboriginal Corp, Wurli Wurlinjang Health Service. Contacts and Location of the Organization There are two offices of the AMSANT organization. One office is at Darwin and Alice Spring. Darwin Address- MOONTA HOUSE 43 Mitchell Street, Darwin Northern Territory 0800 Postal Address -GPO Box 1624, Darwin Northern Territory 0801 Telephone Number (08) 8944 66 Fax : ( 08) 8981 4825 Email :reception@amsant.org.au Alice Spring Postal Address PO Box 1464, Alice Springs Northern Territory 0871 Address -34-38, Hartley St. Alice Springs Northern Territory 0870 Telephone:(08) 8959 4600 Fax:(08) 8953 0553 The link of website of this organization is - https://www.amsant.org.au/about-us/contact-us/ Comments and Reflections AMSANT health organization is an organization dedicated to the health care service of the aboriginal people. This organization has great farsightedness that people suffer not only due to physical ailment but also mainly due to the socio-economic problems. Hence, this organization tried to concentrate on the social problems of the aboriginal people. This organization also puts emphasis on the cultural issue of the native people and they deal this issue with great care (Smith et al., 2015). Conclusion In the conclusion we can say, that the ASMANT organization motive is to give the access of the primary health care to the aboriginal tribes of the Northern Territory in Australia. These aboriginal people comes from very poor background, so in order to provide them the best medical service, this organization has taken different initiatives to provide the best medical care. The infrastructure and the principles formed by this ASMANT organization are remarkable. Many other organizations have collaboration with this health care organization that enhances the growth of this organization. Although this organization provides health service to the aboriginal people of Northern Territory of Australia but it also puts much emphasis on the mental and cultural cause of the health ailment. Reference Bailie, J., Schierhout, G. H., Kelaher, M. A., Laycock, A. F., Percival, N. A., ODonoghue, L. R., ... Bailie, R. S. (2014). Follow-up of Indigenous-specific health assessmentsa socioecological analysis.Med J Aust,200(11), 653-657. Davy, C., Kite, E., Aitken, G., Dodd, G., Rigney, J., Hayes, J., Van Emden, J. (2015). What keeps you strong? How primary healthcare and aged care services can support the wellbeing of older Indigenous peoples: a systematic literature review protocol.JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports,13(12), 47-58. Dwyer, J., Boulton, A., Lavoie, J. G., Tenbensel, T., Cumming, J. (2014). Indigenous peoples health care: new approaches to contracting and accountability at the public administration frontier.Public Management Review,16(8), 1091-1112. Harfield, S., Davy, C., Kite, E., McArthur, A., Munn, Z., Brown, N., Brown, A. (2015). Characteristics of Indigenous primary health care models of service delivery: a scoping review protocol.JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports,13(11), 43-51. Hoy, W. E., Swanson, C. E., Hope, A., Smith, J., Masters, C. (2014). Evidence for improved patient management through electronic patient records at a Central Australian Aboriginal Health Service.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,38(2), 154-159. Ilton, M. K., Walsh, W. F., Brown, A. D., Tideman, P. A., Zeitz, C. J., Wilson, J. (2014). A framework for overcoming disparities in management of acute coronary syndromes in the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. A consensus statement from the National Heart Foundation of Australia.Med J Aust,200(11), 639-43. Lee, K. S., Harrison, K., Mills, K., Conigrave, K. M. (2014). Needs of Aboriginal Australian women with comorbid mental and alcohol and other drug use disorders.Drug and alcohol review,33(5), 473-481. Panaretto, K. S., Wenitong, M., Button, S., Ring, I. T. (2014). Aboriginal community controlled health services: leading the way in primary care.Med J Aust,200(11), 649-52. Shephard, M. D., Spaeth, B. A., Mazzachi, B. C., Auld, M., Schatz, S., Lingwood, A. ... Daniel, V. (2014). Toward Sustainable Point-of-Care Testing in Remote Australiathe Northern Territory i-STAT Point-of-Care Testing Program.Point of Care,13(1), 6-11. Smith, J. A., Schmitt, D., Fereday, L., Bonson, J. (2015). Ethics and health promotion within policy and practice contexts in a small jurisdiction: perspectives from the Northern Territory.Health promotion journal of Australia: official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals,26(3), 231. Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J., Bourke, L., Dunbar, T., Jones, M., Carey, T. A., ... Murakami-Gold, L. (2016). Assessing the Impact and Cost of Short-Term Health Workforce in Remote Indigenous Communities in Australia: A Mixed Methods Study Protocol.JMIR research protocols,5(4). Wilkes, E., Gray, D., Casey, W., Stearne, A., Dadd, L. (2014). Harmful substance use and mental health.Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice, 125-146

Indigenous Health Organization Aboriginal Medical Service

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Health Organizationfor Aboriginal Medical Service. Answer: Introduction This report is mainly about the Aboriginal Medical Service Alliance Territory that is an indigenous health organization. It mainly puts emphasis on the health service of the aboriginal people. The mission of this organization is to cure the ailments of the native people of the Northern Territory of Australia. This report contains the background of this organization, the vision and objectives of this organization, the activities of this organization and the member-service of this organization and the contacts and location of this organization. In the end, there is comment on the reflection of this organization. Brief History and Background of the Organization Aboriginal Medical Service Alliance Territory has played a significant role in defending the rights of the native people of the in the Northern Territory of Australia regarding health care. The main motive of the organization is taking the responsibility of the aboriginal people by securing their funds regarding health services. This organization has linked with the National aboriginal and Islander Health Organization which is presently called NACCHO . This organization was established in October 1994. The foundation of the new structure of the Aboriginal Medical Service occurred from July 1996 to April 1998. Summits formed various health related meetings for the aboriginal people. The Banatjarl Health Summit occurred from 2ND August to 6th August in 1999. The Summit was organized to discuss about the health condition of the native people of Northern Territory. Decisions were taken about the process of health examination of the aboriginal people and the steps that were to be taken to improve the health condition of the people in the 1999 summit (Ilton et al., 2014). AMSANT Fresh Food Summit occurred in 10 May of 2010 to gather the native people, people in government services and the nutritionists to make a discussion about the food security of the in context to regional communities and remote areas. The Native people who stay in remote areas do not get proper accession of doctors and health care. Funds provided by Commonwealth are not sufficient to meet the needs of the native people (Davy et al., 2015). AMSANT has carried campaigns so that the Commonwealth government cashout for the medical purpose of the aboriginal purpose. This cashing-out campaign paved the way to the Aboriginal Coordinated Trials in the NT (1996-1997) and the announcement of the 1999 budget for the Primary Health Care Process Access Programme ( PHCAP). Vision and Objectives of the Organization The main vision of this organization is to make the aboriginal people happy and increase the longevity of the native people with better health. This organization also works for the improvement of the health and works for the purpose that the aboriginal people should have control over the primary health care system. This organization focuses on the fact that the the aboriginal peopled gets equal justice in terms of health and support them by founding the best health care system for them. The main motive of this organization is to bring the aboriginal people in the main stream of society. There are certain objectives of this organization. They are as follows: To support the aboriginal people by providing them culturally appreciative health service in the local communities (Shephard et al., 2014). This organization encourages the members of this organization to research about the main causes of their illness within the Aboriginal territory (Wakerman et al., 2016). The organization is very particular about the cultural matters of the native people. Finally, the main objective of this organization is to mitigate sufferings, ailments, poverty and hardships of this aboriginal people (Bailie et al., 2014). There are certain steps to meet the objectives. They are as follows:- To advocate the cultural awareness and virtue of Aboriginal Community Controlled extensive primary health care (Harfield et al., 2015). The organizations have to respect the opinions of the members and safeguard the rights of the people. Activities of the Indigenous Health Organization This health organization has various activities to fulfill the crisis of the health needs of the aboriginal people, which must be supervised and managed by the local communities. They are as follows :- The first is the e-health unit, which collaborates with the key health care unit so that the health care providers with the help of this e-health service can solve health issues (Hoy et al., 2014). They have used Electronic Clinical Information system to continue this e-health unit. The AMSANT also works in research and policy They supervise many research projects and execute research activities in the organization. It also supports the members to become engage in the research activities. AMSANT has also collaboration with Australian Indigenous Organization Alcohol and Other Drugs Knowledge Centre ( AOD) so that the organization can cure the patients from within. AMSANT is well aware of the fact that social causes are somehow responsible for the deterioration for the health. Therefore, they takes the initiative to uproot the problem from its roots and conduct the AOD and mental health programmes to sort out this social issue, which indirectly hampers the health of a person (Lee et al., 2014). There are certain aboriginal health forums in this organization. They are- The Primary Health Care Unit is the main essence of this organization in the Northern Territory of Australia because it allows the availability of health care service to the aboriginal people in the local communities and remote areas (Panaretto et al., 2014). Hospitals and Specialist care is one of the major focuses of this organization. The organization tries to provide extensive health care unit for critical patients (Dwyer et al., 2014) .It also tries to meet the social, cultural and health care of the aboriginal people and their kins. Another important thing is the forum also concentrates on the social determinates for the deterioration of the health. The Public Health Network works as a community of medical professionals who are involved in Primary Medical Care unit. The network also includes experts in Public Health Medical Officers. The main goals of this network are : The Public Health Network must discuss about the public health problems that affects the aboriginal people (Wilkes et al.,2014) . The people who are involved in this network must inform the clinicians about the transformations in the health sector. They also have the responsibility to inform the clinicians about the policies of AMSANT Members of the Organization The chief executive of this AMSANT organization is John Pearson and the chairperson is Marion Scrymgour. There are different member services of this organization. They are: Amoonguna Health Clinic, Ampilatwatja Health Centre Aboriginal, Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation, Bagot Community Health Unit ,Balunu Foundation ,Central Australian Aboriginal Alcohol Programme Unit ,Central Australian Aboriginal Congress ,Danila Dilba Health Service Aboriginal Corporation ,Katherine West Board Aboriginal Organization , Laynhapuy Homelands Aboriginal Corporation ,Ltyentye Apurte Community Health Centre ( Santa Teresa) , Malabam Health Board Aboriginal Corporation , Marthakal Homeland Health Service , Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation ,Mutitjulu Health Service ,Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Womens Council, Pintupi Homelands Health Service ,Red Lily Health Board ,Sunrise Health Service Aboriginal Corporation ,Urapuntja Health Service Utju Health Service Health Aboriginal Co rporation ,Western Aranda Health Aboriginal Corporation ( WAHAC) ,Western Desert Nganampa Walytja Palyantjaku Tjutaku Aboriginal Corp, Wurli Wurlinjang Health Service. Contacts and Location of the Organization There are two offices of the AMSANT organization. One office is at Darwin and Alice Spring. Darwin Address- MOONTA HOUSE 43 Mitchell Street, Darwin Northern Territory 0800 Postal Address -GPO Box 1624, Darwin Northern Territory 0801 Telephone Number (08) 8944 66 Fax : ( 08) 8981 4825 Email :reception@amsant.org.au Alice Spring Postal Address PO Box 1464, Alice Springs Northern Territory 0871 Address -34-38, Hartley St. Alice Springs Northern Territory 0870 Telephone:(08) 8959 4600 Fax:(08) 8953 0553 The link of website of this organization is - https://www.amsant.org.au/about-us/contact-us/ Comments and Reflections AMSANT health organization is an organization dedicated to the health care service of the aboriginal people. This organization has great farsightedness that people suffer not only due to physical ailment but also mainly due to the socio-economic problems. Hence, this organization tried to concentrate on the social problems of the aboriginal people. This organization also puts emphasis on the cultural issue of the native people and they deal this issue with great care (Smith et al., 2015). Conclusion In the conclusion we can say, that the ASMANT organization motive is to give the access of the primary health care to the aboriginal tribes of the Northern Territory in Australia. These aboriginal people comes from very poor background, so in order to provide them the best medical service, this organization has taken different initiatives to provide the best medical care. The infrastructure and the principles formed by this ASMANT organization are remarkable. Many other organizations have collaboration with this health care organization that enhances the growth of this organization. Although this organization provides health service to the aboriginal people of Northern Territory of Australia but it also puts much emphasis on the mental and cultural cause of the health ailment. Reference Bailie, J., Schierhout, G. H., Kelaher, M. A., Laycock, A. F., Percival, N. A., ODonoghue, L. R., ... Bailie, R. S. (2014). Follow-up of Indigenous-specific health assessmentsa socioecological analysis.Med J Aust,200(11), 653-657. Davy, C., Kite, E., Aitken, G., Dodd, G., Rigney, J., Hayes, J., Van Emden, J. (2015). What keeps you strong? How primary healthcare and aged care services can support the wellbeing of older Indigenous peoples: a systematic literature review protocol.JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports,13(12), 47-58. Dwyer, J., Boulton, A., Lavoie, J. G., Tenbensel, T., Cumming, J. (2014). Indigenous peoples health care: new approaches to contracting and accountability at the public administration frontier.Public Management Review,16(8), 1091-1112. Harfield, S., Davy, C., Kite, E., McArthur, A., Munn, Z., Brown, N., Brown, A. (2015). Characteristics of Indigenous primary health care models of service delivery: a scoping review protocol.JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports,13(11), 43-51. Hoy, W. E., Swanson, C. E., Hope, A., Smith, J., Masters, C. (2014). Evidence for improved patient management through electronic patient records at a Central Australian Aboriginal Health Service.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,38(2), 154-159. Ilton, M. K., Walsh, W. F., Brown, A. D., Tideman, P. A., Zeitz, C. J., Wilson, J. (2014). A framework for overcoming disparities in management of acute coronary syndromes in the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. A consensus statement from the National Heart Foundation of Australia.Med J Aust,200(11), 639-43. Lee, K. S., Harrison, K., Mills, K., Conigrave, K. M. (2014). Needs of Aboriginal Australian women with comorbid mental and alcohol and other drug use disorders.Drug and alcohol review,33(5), 473-481. Panaretto, K. S., Wenitong, M., Button, S., Ring, I. T. (2014). Aboriginal community controlled health services: leading the way in primary care.Med J Aust,200(11), 649-52. Shephard, M. D., Spaeth, B. A., Mazzachi, B. C., Auld, M., Schatz, S., Lingwood, A. ... Daniel, V. (2014). Toward Sustainable Point-of-Care Testing in Remote Australiathe Northern Territory i-STAT Point-of-Care Testing Program.Point of Care,13(1), 6-11. Smith, J. A., Schmitt, D., Fereday, L., Bonson, J. (2015). Ethics and health promotion within policy and practice contexts in a small jurisdiction: perspectives from the Northern Territory.Health promotion journal of Australia: official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals,26(3), 231. Wakerman, J., Humphreys, J., Bourke, L., Dunbar, T., Jones, M., Carey, T. A., ... Murakami-Gold, L. (2016). Assessing the Impact and Cost of Short-Term Health Workforce in Remote Indigenous Communities in Australia: A Mixed Methods Study Protocol.JMIR research protocols,5(4). Wilkes, E., Gray, D., Casey, W., Stearne, A., Dadd, L. (2014). Harmful substance use and mental health.Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice, 125-146

5 Causes of the Death of a Tree

5 Causes of the Death of a Tree Trees have an extraordinary ability to withstand many damaging agents that are ever-present in their environment. Trees have evolved over millions of years to ward off many stressors that bite and burn and starve and rot their roots, trunk, limbs, and leaves. It is amazing how a tree compartmentalizes itself to seal off dead wood and disease, defoliates to reduce the effect of drought and bleeds to extract harmful insects. We know that all trees do eventually die. There are many hundreds of seedlings and saplings that succumb for every mature tree left in the forest. All ages of trees eventually die to the same agents and only the most adaptive (and often lucky) individuals make it to old age. There are 5 factors to which a tree eventually succumbs: death from its environment, death from harmful insects and diseases, death from a catastrophic event, death from age-related collapse (starvation) and of course, death from harvest. In most cases, death is the result of several, if not all of these conditions taking place simultaneously. Lets take a look at each of these. Adverse Environment Ground and site conditions on which a tree lives ultimately determines the environmental stressors placed on that tree. If a drought-sensitive tree lives on a dry site during drought conditions, it may indeed die from lack of water. But that same tree can also be more susceptible to every other life-threatening factor placed upon it. For example, a disease that appears to be killing the tree may in effect be only a secondary issue to the initial environmental problem. Examples of adverse environments to trees are poorly draining soils, salty soils, droughty soils, air and ground pollution, extreme sun heating or cold spots and many, many others. It is particularly important to understand a tree species genetic tolerance to environmental conditions when planting. Many trees adapt very well to poor sites, but you need to understand which species fits where. Harmful Insects and Disease Virulent diseases like Dutch elm disease and the chestnut blight have caused sudden death to entire forests in North America. However, the most common diseases are more subtle in their work, killing many more trees in total than virulent types and cost forest and yard tree owners billions of dollars in forest product and specimen tree value. These common diseases include three bad ones: Armillaria root rot, oak wilt, and anthracnose. These pathogens invade the tree through leaves, roots and bark wounds and damage a trees vascular system if not prevented or treated. In natural forests, prevention is the only economic option available and is a significant part of a foresters silvicultural management plan. Harmful insects are opportunistic and often invade trees under stress from environmental problems or disease. They not only can directly cause tree death but will spread harmful disease fungi from a host tree to surrounding trees. Insects can attack a trees cambial layer by boring for food and nesting cavities, or they can defoliate a tree to the point of death. Bad insects include pine beetles, the gypsy moth, and emerald ash borers. Catastrophic Events A catastrophic event is always possible in a vast forest as well as in an urban setting. All property, including trees, are subject to being damaged or destroyed. In many cases, trees are not killed but are damaged to the point where their vigor is lost, and insects and disease take advantage of a trees loss of resistance. Significant tree losses can occur during a forest fire or when exposed to tornado-strength winds. Trees take a terrible hit when heavy ice is deposited on species sensitive to limb weight which results in breakage. Floods that do not recede quickly can cause root oxygen levels to diminish to the point where tree damage can occur. Extraordinary drought makes quick work of moisture-loving tree species and can harm all trees when extended over a long period. Old Age For trees who beat the odds and live through maturity to old age, there is a slow dying process that may take centuries to complete (in long-lived species). The modular tree compartmentalizes around damage and infected areas and continues to grow. Still, growth starts slowing after a tree matures, the ability of the plant to support itself diminishes and incurs the loss of adequate foliage for hydration and food. New immature branches, called epicormic sprouts, try to assist in maintaining an old trees vigor but are weak and are insufficient to sustain life for very long. A mature tree slowly collapses under its weight and crumbles to become the nutrients and topsoil for future trees. Timber Harvests Well remind you that trees do die to the ax. Trees via their wood have supported humankind and civilization for millennia and continue to be a necessary part of the human condition. The practice of forestry through professional foresters work continually with much success to provide a sustained flow of available wood volume and at the same time, ensure a surplus of trees. Some consider deforestation a growing global crisis.

Benetton Family Essay Example

Benetton Family Essay Example Benetton Family Paper Benetton Family Paper a shoe manufacturer and distributor; Galli Filati S. p. A. , a producer of woolen yarn; and Columbia S. p. A. and Altana Uno S. p. A. , both licensed to produce and market under the Benetton trademark. To integrate group logistics, Benetton also acquired Azimut S. p. A. , Benair S. p. A. , and Benlog S. p. A. To enhance global production and marketing, Benetton built a factory in Argentina to add to facilities built the year efore in Brazil; acquired, incorporated, or sold marketing companies in various countries; opened stores in Warsaw, Moscow, and Cairo; listed on the New York and Toronto Stock Exchanges; planned to expand Benetton Cosmetics, which had operated in North America and Europe for the last three years, into the Japanese and South American markets; and entered into a joint venture with the Japanese trading company Marubeni, creating Benetton Shoes Corporation, to sell shoes in the United States and Canada. Negotiations also were made with Toyobo on joint plans to enter both the Japanese and Brazilian markets, and with Seibu-Saison to convert its license to a production and marketing joint venture. These developments were representative of Benettons strategy to first use licensees to gain wide exposure in new markets and then to convert the license into production and marketing joint ventures. Accordingly, growth also was accelerated by granting licenses to producers in noncompeting industries. The Home Colors trademark was developed by acquiring an interest in Eliolona S. p. A. , which was to produce linens under license agreements in Brazil and Israel and to sell them in European markets. A new joint venture called United Optical was formed between H. J. Heinz and the Italian manufacturer Anser to produce spectacles. Furthermore, W. I. D. E. Corporation was incorporated in the United States as a joint venture with Avendero S. p. A. to manage international forwarding and customs clearance operations. By 1989 exports rose to 65. 5 percent of total annual sales. To finance this expansion, Benetton aimed to attract investors in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Europe by making a capital issue of 24 million shares. In that year, Benettons holding company, Edizione Holding, reinvested its funds from the sale of financial services by buying Nordica, a ski equipment firm, for $150 million and soon acquired several other retail sports lines. Moreover, the trademark United Colors of Benetton was adopted. In the meantime, the Federal Trade Commission conducted a preliminary investigation to determine whether Benetton had violated federal statutes by failing to file as a franchiser but dropped the inquiry after Benetton asserted that contracts are negotiated by independent sales agents and that store owners pay no fees or royalties, even though they are required to follow stringent merchandising rules. In the late 1980s, Benetton gained additional competitive advantage by implementing global networking to connect sales and production. A oint-of-sale computerized program, which linked the shops to headquarters, was designed to handle order management, cost accounting, production control, and distribution support. Thus agents began booking 80 percent of each seasonal order six months in advance; the remaining orders were placed midseason and relayed to headquarters by computer. The point-of-sale program was replaced by late 1989, and Benettons decentralized operations were linked by a gl obal electronic data interchange network, which also included freight forwarding and customs applications. Although sales grew by 24 percent in 1990, Benetton lost $6. 6 million in the United States that year, and another $10 million in 1991, a loss of 28 percent since 1987. Thus in 1991 Benetton started to consolidate its stores in the United States as well as Europe, replacing the clusters of smaller stores with the megastore concept, which carried the full Benetton line. In addition, Benetton turned its marketing and sales efforts once again to developing markets in the Near and Far East and to Eastern Europe, and halved its dividend to have more funds for expansion and acquisition. In December, Benetton signed a joint manufacturing agreement with Alexanian in Egypt in light of plans to open 30 stores in that country, and in 1992, 12 stores were opened in Poland. A joint venture agreement was signed for manufacturing facilities in Armenia, which was to produce apparel for the Soviet market under the United Colors of Benetton trademark; future expansion plans came to a halt, however, owing to lagging productivity at this plant. To beat the worldwide recession and increase market share, in 1992 Benetton developed strategies to achieve the following goals: to improve operating margins, reducing prices by about 15 percent, increasing production volume, improving product mix, and taking advantage of the devaluation of the lira; to improve operating efficiency, reducing number of styles of its collection from 4,000 to 2,600, and acquiring and integrating the operations of four key former subcontractors; and to improve cash flows, refinancing short- and medium-term debt. The mix of items was improved by introducing sophisticated classic professional apparel through shops dedicated to these higher-margin product linesAnd for dress shirts, Di Varese for shoes, and Benetton Uomo and Benetton Donna for mature men and womenand by continuing to expand into the sporting goods market. By mid-1992, Benetton bought the remaining interest in Galli Filati and consolidated interests in four suppliers of woolen and cotton materials; now about 68 percent of the cost of production was represented by charges from subcontractors, compared with 87 percent in 1991. As a result, 1992 group sales rose 10 percent. By early 1993, Benetton had continued to close stores in the United States and, for production and marketing reasons, ceased operations at the Rocky Mountain plant in North Carolina. A technologically advanced factory opened at Castrette, Italy, which was designed to expand manufacturing capacity to 20 million pieces per year with about 15 people, using sophisticated robotic technology. Goods were now exported in greater numbers from Italy, where Benetton benefited from the abolition of the wage indexation system and the devaluation of the lira following its withdrawal from the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System. At this point, Benetton had 32 factories, of which 27 were in Italy, and license agreements in 13 countries. In addition, Benetton decided to expand in developing countries, forming a joint venture with a major Indian manufacturer to produce linens and stationery, opening its 7,047th store, in Cuba, and transforming Benetton Mexico from a sales subsidiary to a manufacturing operation for the North American market. These developments, particularly the continued effort to rationalize production, resulted in Benettons stock reaching a five-year high. Consolidated revenues increased in 1993 by about 10 percent compared with the previous year, and net income rose 39 percent since 1990. Benettons global advertising campaign succeeded in generating a mix of praise and criticism and, ultimately, a fair amount of free publicity since about 1989. The ads, which were initially product-oriented campaigns on themes of multinational and multiracial harmony, eventually focused on institutional-oriented campaigns that featured documentaries on AIDS, sexuality, the environment, interracial relationships, and the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Although many of the ads became the subject of controversy and were withdrawn or banned throughout the world, the United Colors of Benetton ad campaign, which hinged on racial diversity, won Benettons art director Oliviero Toscani the UNESCO Grand Prix award. Despite the ad controversy, Benetton managed to maintain a sterling corporate image during Italian government kickback investigations conducted in 1993 that involved more than 5,000 of the countrys political and business elite. In fact, Luciano had gotten involved in national politics as part of a movement to overthrow the old system, and n 1992 was elected to the Italian Senate as a member of the Republican party. In 1994, however, Luciano retreated from politics, believing that the Italian government had met its objective, to devote himself to the family business. In early 1994, Palmieri diversified Benetton by planning substantial acquisitions of either well-known brands or companies in the developing world. One such expansio n was a joint venture agreement signed with Timex and Junghans Uhren to produce watches and alarm clocks. In addition, Palmieri planned to double turnover by 1996. To fund these ambitious plans, he placed 11 million shares in foreign markets. This issue was expected to raise the float from 20 to 30 percent, with the remaining stock controlled by the Benetton family. In the mid-1990s, Benettons efforts to crack the U. S. market appeared to run out of steam. While the companys clothing continued to attract European consumers, American shoppers turned away from the brand and its all too controversial advertising campaigns. The companys attempts to enter the Asian and Eastern European markets met with similar indifference on the part of consumers. In the meantime, the 1990s saw the rise of a new breed of trendy designer-retailers who soon were beating Benetton at its own game. Such names as HM, Zara, The Gap, Diesel, and many others began drawing consumers from Benetton stores. With its apparel sales in a slump, Benetton also faced a crunch from its effort to crack the sporting goods market. Since the late 1980s, the Benetton familys Edizione holding had been building up a portfolio of sporting goods companies, starting with its purchase of Nordica in 1989. By the late 1990s, the company had tennis manufacturer Prince, racquetball equipment maker Ektelon, the United States Rollerblade, and others, including golf equipment from Langert, skis from Kastle, and mountaineering boots from Asolo. These holdings were placed under a new unit, Benetton Sportsystem, which was then sold to Benetton S. p. A. between 1997 and 1998, for $300 million. Yet the sporting goods division never jelled with the company, and after years of posting losses, Benetton began selling off the sporting goods division. This process was completed in large part by 2003, with the sale of Nordica. In the meantime, Benettons problems with its clothing division deepened. The late 1990s saw the company attempt a massive licensing scheme, placing its brand name on items ranging from condoms to mineral water to wallpaper. As one consultant told Forbes: That is not a good sign. Its usually an indication that a brand is over the hill. Benettons desperation to recapture its former glory was highlighted by a distribution agreement reached with staid U. S. department store group Sears, Roebuck and Co. in 1998. The hoped-for sales never materialized. Worse, Benettons advertising campaign inspired only revulsion in the United States, when it launched its We, On Death Row campaign featuring prison inmates. The resulting controversy convinced Sears, Roebuck to pull out of its distribution agreement. Benetton continued to struggle into the 2000s, with a lack of focus and little enthusiasm for its clothing designs. The company appointed a new CEO, Luigi de Puppi, who was replaced in 2003 by Silvano Cassano, a former Fiat executive. At the same time, the Benetton family announced that it planned to draw back from the day-to-day operation of the clothing company. Cassano installed new management and led a revamp of the companys clothing designs and a redesign of its retail stores, with a focus on the groups 166 megastores. The company also launched a new brand, Sisley, featuring trendier, edgier youth fashions. By the end of 2003, as the companys sales continued to slipback to $2. 3 billion, Cassano announced plans to spend nearly $530 million on an effort to revitalize the companys retail offer. As part of that strategy, the company intended to introduce a new range of higher-quality goods, and diversification into cosmetics, accessories, and home furnishings. Benetton hoped to recapture the flair that had made it one of Italys major fashion success stories. Principal Subsidiaries Benfin S. p. A. ; Bencom S. p. A. ; Galli Filati S. p. A. ; Fabrica S. p. A. ; Benetton Fashion S. p. A. ; Benlong S. p. A. Benetton Services Ltd. (U. K. ); Benetton U. S. A. Corporation; Benetton Capital Investments N. V. (Netherlands); Benetton Holdings N. V. (Netherlands); Benetton International N. V. (Netherlands). Principal Competitors Industria de Diseno Textil S. A. ; The Gap Inc. ; Hennes Mauritz AB; Vivarte; Gruppo Coin S. p. A. ; Kiabi S. A. ; La Redoute; Charles Vogele Holding AG; Peek und Cloppenburg KG; Somfy International S. A. ; Cortefiel S. A. ; Mango S. A. Further Reading Benetton, Luciano, with Andrea Lee, Io e i miei fratelli: La storia del nostro successo, Milan: Sperling and Kupfer Editori, 1990. Benetton to Sell Rollerblade, WWD, January 7, 2003, p. 16. Camuffo, Arnaldo, and Giovanni Costa, Strategic Human Resource ManagementItalian Style, Sloan Management Review, Winter 1993, pp. 59-67. Carlson, Scott, Benetton Write-Offs Add Up to Loss, Financial Post, April 1, 2003. Cento Bull, Anna, and Paul Corner, From Peasant to Entrepreneur: The Survival of the Family Economy in Italy, Oxford: Berg Publishers Limited, 1993. Dapiran, Peter, BenettonGlobal Logistics in Action, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, volume 22, number 6, 1992, pp. -11. Edmondson, Gail, Has Benetton Stopped Unraveling? , Business Week, June 30, 2003, p. 76. Gallagher, Leigh, About Face, Forbes, March 19, 2001, p. 178. Harvard Business School, Benetton S. p. A. : In dustrial Fashion (case study), Boston: HBS Services, 1987. How Benetton Has Streamlined and Branched Out Worldwide in Casual Clothing Market: Case Studies from Academia, International Management, May 1985, pp. 79-82. Kaiser, Amanda, Benetton Invests $526m to Expand Range of Product, WWD, December 10, 2003, p. 2. Ketelhohn, Werner, An Interview with Aldo Palmieri of Benetton: The Early Growth Years, European Management Journal, September 1993, pp. 321-31. , An Interview with Aldo Palmieri of Benetton: The Return As CEO, European Management Journal, December 1993, pp. 481-84. Lee, Andrea, Profiles, New Yorker, November 1986, pp. 53-74. Pepper, Curtis Bill, Fast Forward, Business Month, February 1989, pp. 25-30. Stillit, Daniel, Benetton: Italys Smart Operator, Corporate Finance, June 1993, pp. 30-39. Vergani, Guido, A Family Affair, Harpers Bazaar, December 2002, p. S16. - Marina L. Rota; Updated by M. L. Cohen Sponsored Links Benetton Family Latest World News from the International source- FT. com FT. com Benetton Perfume Major Brand Names Perfume, Make up Cosmetics 50% off. Free Shipping. www. strawberrynet. com Biography: Benetton Benetton, founded in 1965, and initially producing fine colorful knitwear, expanded to become the largest apparel network in the world. Benetton Groups diversification into a wide range of products and activities and its often controversial advertising techniques made the Benetton name a household word. The Benetton clothing line was created by three brothers and their sister in a small knitting shop in Ponzano Veneto, Italy. When their father died, Luciano (born 1935) left school to work in a clothing store in order to support his mother, sister Giuliana, and younger brothers Gilberto and Carlo. Luciano developed promotional and commercial expertise as a clerk in a textile store in Treviso. Later, as a representative of small textile establishments, he built up contacts with the Roman knitting magnates who were helpful when the family expanded its operation. As president of the Benetton Group, Luciano led the expansion of family holdings, particularly in the 1990s. He served as a senator of the Italian Republic from 1992 to 1994. Luciano is the father of four children, including Mauro Benetton, marketing director of the Benetton Group. Giuliana Benetton (born 1937) gained her experience from ten years of handicraft work in knitting for women. She created new knitwear collections and oversaw product lines. Giuliana served on the board of directors of both Edizione Holding, the family owned financial holding company and Benetton Group. She is married and has four children. Gilberto Benetton (born 1941), vice-president of the Benetton Group, president of Edizione Holding, and president of Benetton Sportsystem, also handled all Benetton sponsorships of athletic events. Through the Benetton Foundation, he created a sports complex in Treviso, Cittadella dello Sport, which was open to the public. Gilberto is married and has two children. Carlo Benetton (born 1943) was involved with the manufacturing component of Benetton. He was responsible for production at headquarters and abroad. Carlo served as vice-president of Edizione Holding and was on the board of directors of the Benetton Group. He is the father of four children. Mauro (born 1962), eldest son of Luciano, began working for the Benetton Group as a student and later managed a shop in Paris. In 1985 he moved to Benettons headquarters in Ponzano, where he took charge of the relaunch of one of the Groups main lines, which then experienced a period of record growth. Mauro was appointed marketing director of the Benetton Group in 1992, at the age 30. The Benetton family combined and optimized their expertise in marketing (Luciano), production (Giuliana), management and finance (Gilberto) and technical know-how (Carlo). They aimed at the casual wear market with color to catch the eye, first only in woolens but later in cotton. When regional small plants producing stockings came upon hard times, the Benettons bought their equipment at bargain prices. Now they were ready for a spectacular expansion. Between 1972 and 1976, they expanded into all types of clothing, from jeans to gloves to a complete Benetton wear model. Going into the 1990s there were 14 family members in the business. The Benettons aimed to transform the fashion-fractionalized small handicraft style into an industry with minimum risks. To achieve this, they expanded in variety and size and decentralized production and distribution. They purchased large quantities of materials in raw form, benefiting from quantity discounts and controlling the processing (especially color) from its rawest form. However, 80 percent of production was performed in plants not owned by Benetton but controlled by the family. In distribution, various attempts were made to control all stores. At the beginning they would go into partnership with a friend who would in turn find others interested in having a Benetton store. Later, with international expansions, the holdings model was adopted, with the Benettons always having an exclusive contract. As a practical characteristic, the stores were about 400 square feet (while the competition was usually 1,500 square feet) and 50 percent of all working hours were dedicated to sales (the competition, 22. 5 percent). This is probably why Benettons productivity was four times greater than the competition. Still, the success of the Benetton model is due to their trust. They wanted the stores to be exclusively Benetton, but allowed the owners to have 51 percent of the holdings. The Benettons have always preferred to be partners with their producers and distributors rather than to seek vertical integration (where the managers of stores were salaried people with no direct share in the operation). The incentive was to make every representative a majority partner in his particular operation so that, as owners, they would strive to increase sales and profits. In the 1980s, the little 400-square-feet stores developed a turnover more than twice as large as those of competing companies. Specialization and standardization are the main instruments that allow high productivity. The Benettons found a happy mixture of personal incentives: outright ownership by each unit and overriding control of operations and a quality/product mix to conduct market penetration at low risk with high profitability. The family entered into other business ventures assisted by loans from financial institutions. They eventually purchased the large well-known shoe manufacturer, Varese. In time, they allowed larger store units, depending on the sales as calculated pieces per square foot. The 1980s saw a decline in the number of shops in the United States, but expansion into other global markets. Benetton increased the number of stores in the Far East and boasted 50 stores in China alone. By 1996 Benettons presence was felt in over 100 countries, with 7,000 sales outlets for their main brands of United Colors of Benetton, Sisley, and 012. The sales network included 80 branches and 800 staff responsible for independent stores in specific geographic areas. In 1996 the largest store opened for business in London, England. The Benetton magazine, Colors, was introduced, using multicultural messages the company had featured in its ad campaigns of the 1980s. In addition to their clothing lines, Benetton diversified into a variety of other enterprises through Edizione Holding. Acquisitions included Rollerblade, Prince tennis rackets, Nordica ski boots, Kastle skis, and Asolo hiking boots. Benetton, along with partners, also acquired Euromercato, Italys leading superstore chain and interests in GS-Autogrill markets and restaurants. Other product lines included watches, stationery, cosmetics, linens, eyewear, books, the Twingo Benetton car (in collaboration with Renault), and a line of pagers through an agreement with Motorola. By 1995 Benetton sponsored sports teams in volleyball, basketball, and rugby. Benetton team Formula One World championships include the 1994 and 1995 World Drivers championship and the World Car Makers championships. In the 1990s Benetton came under criticism for its use of controversial images in its advertising campaigns, including those depicting war, AIDS, racism, violence, and homelessness. While Benetton was pressured into removing offensive ads from billboards, the same ads were critically praised for their sociopolitical statements. A number of lawsuits were filed against Benetton by shopowners who claimed that the ads had caused a drop in sales, but these charges were difficult to prove. A downturn in the European economy impacted sales during this period. The images used in the ad campaign have been included in museum collections around the world and continue to spark debate. Benetton, independently and in conjunction with other groups and organizations, contributed to many initiatives aimed at social problems. Examples include a 1995 campaign aimed at generating AIDS awareness in India. Support for War Child, a charity that helps children in war zones around the world, has also been praised. Autographed Toscani posters were offered to visitors at a clothes show event in exchange for donations to War Child. The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations invited Benetton to create a communications campaign for the first world food summit held in Rome. Benettons use of information technology facilitates the management of the global business from Ponzano Veneto. Students from around the world study at Fabrica, Benettons arts and communications research center near Treviso, learning communications in all its forms and using the new technologies that will take them, and Benetton, forward into the future. Further Reading Additional information on the Benetton family can be found at their official Web site, ; in Business Month (February 1989); Business Week (March 5, 1990; April 10, 1995); Los Angeles Times (January 23, 1994; April 21, 1996); New York Times (November 23, 1993; March 20, 1997); Washington Post (January 21; August 29, 1995); and in Italian language references: P. Calvani, Perche tutti copiano il modello Benetton Espansione (1986); Giuseppe Nardin, La Benetton (1987); E. Rullani and A. Zanfei, Benetton: invenzione e consolidamento di un sistema internazionale, Bolletino Ospri (1984); G. Turani, Benetton sbarcheraa Milano e Wall Street, La Repubblica (December 15-16, 1985). Sponsored Links Musto Nautica on-line Cerate, accessori, maglie, HPX Spediti con 9 euro, garantito! www. ilmarinaio. com/Musto Benetton Find Solutions for your Business. Benetton, Info. Registration! www. KnowledgeStorm. com Modern Design Dictionary: Benetton (established 1966) By the early 21st century the Italian multinational company Benetton had become one of the largest retailers in the world with outlets in more than 120 countries. The company markets four different brand identities: United Colours of Benetton casual wear for the family; Sisley for older consumers; 012 baby and toddler clothing; and Playlife sportswear. Within a dozen years of its establishment this clothing manufacturing company, founded near Venice by Luciano Benetton, commenced its programme of international expansion. This was helped by the standardization of the companys retail outlets, which were designed in such a way as to show off Benetton products in an alluring manner. Benetton was quick to utilize computing systems in the automation of its operating processes, both in the manufacture of clothing and in the monitoring of stocks and sales. As such, the company was an early exponent of the Just in Time production and distribution system, a philosophy that a number of progressive manufacturer-retailers adopted in the late 20th century. In northern Italy in the early 1990s Benetton built two new factories that utilized advanced computing technology in the linking of production controls with an efficient ordering and distribution system. Benetton became widely known for its dramatic, and often controversial, advertising campaigns directed by the fashion photographer Oliviero Toscani. These centred on themes such as ‘All the Colours of the World’ (1984), ‘United Colours of Benetton’ (1990), and ‘HIV Positive’ (1992). The company also captured tremendous publicity through its involvement in Formula 1 motor racing, televised throughout the world. Sponsored Links Il Tuo Bazar on Line Acquista in sicurezza da casa tua con un semplice gesto! www. mercatissimostock. com Bedava Video Benetton Milyonlarca Videoyu Izleyin ve Paylas? n! 4dh. com/Video Modern Fashion Encyclopedia: Benetton Spa (Italian sportswear firm) Founded: by Giuliana (1938- ), Luciano (1935- ), Gilberto (1941- ), and Carlo (1943- ) Benetton, in Treviso, in 1965 as Maglificio di Ponzano Veneto dei Fratelli Benetton. Company History: First Benetton outlet opened in Belluno, Italy, 1968; first shop outside Italy, in Paris, 1969; launched major European expansion campaign, from 1978; first U. S. store, New York, 1979; first Eastern European shop, Prague, 1985; went public in Milan, 1986; formed Benetton Sportsystem SpA, 1989; opened huge stores in Paris, London, Barcelona, Lisbon, Frankfurt, Vienna, Prague, and Sarajevo, 1994; opened 50 shops in China and factory in Egypt, 1995; opened London megastore and New York flagship, 1996; bought sports group from parent company, 1997; formed Benetton USA with Sears, 1998; introduced Playlife stores, 1998-99; dumped by Sears, 2000; concentrated expansion in U. S. , 2001. Company Address: Via Chiesa Ponzano 24, 31050 Ponzano Veneto, Treviso, Italy. Company Website:www. benetton. com. In recent years the Benetton Group of Italy has become better known for controversial advertising campaigns than for the brightly-colored knitted sweaters with which the company was founded in 1965. As part of a well defined global strategy to make the Benetton name as well known as McDonalds or Coca-Cola, the sibling members of the Benetton family- Gi uliana, Luciano, Gilberto, and Carlo Benetton- created a multibillion-lire business with an ever growing cadre of shops in 120 countries worldwide. The company is a leading producer and retailer of casual apparel and sports-related goods, as well as licensed accessories such as cosmetics, toys, swimwear, eyeglasses, watches, stationery, underwear, shoes, and household items. Benetton collections are aimed at young people and children, but over the years have been adopted by consumers of all ages. United Colors of Benetton attempts to transcend gender, social class, and nationality by manufacturing knitwear that exemplifies a philosophy of life. This was explicitly reflected in longtime creative director Oliviero Toscanis 1983 advertising campaign Benetton- All the Colors of the World. The campaign depicted groups of children representing all walks of life wearing colorful Benetton garments. Subsequent campaigns commented on political and social issues including religion, sex, terrorism, race, AIDS, and capital punishment, without depicting actual Benetton garments. A number of controversial campaigns were banned by advertising authorities, fueling unprecedented media coverage. Similar in attitude to the California-based Esprit company, Benetton epitomizes the values of a generation of young, socially aware consumers. Garments are designed to be fun, casual with an easy-to-wear cut. Inspiration is often drawn from past sentiments but produced with a contemporary twist, like 1950s ski fashions in high-tech synthetic ice-pastel fabrics, 1960s tailored suits in herringbone, 1970s disco garments with sequins and leather combined. Other collections have been based on themes such as the Nordic for little girls, designed in new fabrics like fleece, and Riding Star, drawn from the world of horseback riding. In keeping with the companys cosmopolitan attitude, collections have also been drawn from Benetton family travels. In the beginning, Benetton sweaters were hand-knit by Giuliana in bright colors which distinguished them from existing English-made wool sweaters. The first collection consisted of 18 pieces, the most popular item being a violet pullover made from cashmere, wool, and angora. Todays apparel, of course, is produced on a much grander scale, using high-tech manufacturing and innovative marketing strategies. Benetton is certainly one of the most progressive clothing manufacturers in the world; yet its rapid rise has not come without a price. Profits fell off sharply after a lower-price initiative backfired in 1994; the European recession forced the closure of nearly 600 stores; its cosmetics division produced dismal results; then came family squabbles, and court battles with a group of German retailers who refused to pay for merchandise after another of Benettons controversial ad campaigns (eventually resolved in Benettons favor). By 1995 a seemingly wiser Benetton had toned down its often offensive ads, belatedly realizing the shockwaves cost the firm time and money in having to defend its position. Instead, the firm concentrated on making money and much of it came from the expansion of sister firm, Benetton Sportsystem SpA, which unabashedly pursued its intention of becoming the worlds largest sports equipment and accessory company. While Sportsystem was busy acquiring Rollerblade, Nordica, Langert, Prince, and others, Benetton was fielding major losses in the U. S. market. By the end of the century, Benetton had opened a factory in Egypt and built megastores in London, New York, San Francisco, Moscow, Riyadh, Berlin, Hong Kong, and elsewhere. In a slick move, Benetton purchased a majorty stake in its sibling, Sportsystem, effectively segueing into the sporting goods and activewear industry, then introduced and stocked a chain of sporty stores called Playlife. To bolster its U. S. presence, the firm formed a joint venture with Sears (Benetton USA) and saw that alliance collapse after another provocative ad campaign (We, on Death Row) enraged everyone from consumers to politicians in 2000. Benetton had finally gone too far with its shockvertising- not only did it lose the lucrative contract with Sears and part ways with creative director Toscani after 18 years, but was forced to issue a formal apology to the families of those murdered by its poster-boy Death Row inmates. Ironically, a newer, gentler Benetton arose in 2001, surprising everyone with its low-key ads similar to those made popular by Gap. Generally panned, Benetton, as usual, ignored its critics and set about doing what it did best- selling Benetton. With new stores planned for a multitude of high profile cities in the U. S. , Carlo Tunioli, executive vice president for Benetton USA, promised a bit of the old-style advertising in the near future. Benetton will always be loyal to its brand DNA, which means social statement, Tunioli explained to Womens Wear Daily (20 March 2001). Benetton will keep working in that direction, but much will be focused on product. It may be controversial, but were not going to be controversial in the way you used to see Benetton. Time will tell if that holds true. Publications On Benetton: Books Baker, Caroline, Benetton Colour Style File, London, 1987. Belussi, Fiorenza, Benetton: Information Technology in Production Distribution, Brighton, 1987. Aragno, Bonizza Giordani, Moda Italia: Creativity and Technology in the Italian Fashion System, Milan, 1988. Mantle, Jonathan, Benetton- The Family, the Business, and the Brand, New York, 1999. Articles Bentley, Logan, The Tightknit Benetton, in People, 15 October 1984. Lee, Andrea, Being Everywhere: Luciano Benetton, in the Ne wYorker, 10 November 1986. Coleman, Alix, A Colourful Career, in the Sunday Express Magazine (London), 20 September 1987. Fierman, Jaclyn, Dominating an Economy, Family-Style: The Italians, in Fortune, 12 October 1987. Finnerty, Anne, The Internationalisation of Benetton, in Textile Outlook International (London), November 1987. Alessandro Benetton, in Interview, April 1988. Fuhrman, Peter, Benetton Learns to Darn, in Forbes, 3 October 1988. Griggs, Barbara, The Benetton Fratelli, in Vogue (London), October 1988. Tornier, Francois, Les 25 ans de Benetton, in Elle (Paris), 1 October 1990. Baker, Lindsay, Taking Advertising to Its Limits, in The Guardian (London), 22 July 1991. Kanner, Bernice, Shock Value, in New York, 24 September 1992. Waxman, Sharon, The True Colors of Luciano Benetton, in theWashington Post, 17 February 1993. Rossant, John, The Faded Colors of Benetton, in Business Week, 10April 1995. Forden, Sara Gay, Luciano Benetton Sees a Rosy Future Despite Cloudy Days, in W omens Wear Daily, 20 April 1995. Levine, Joshua, Even When You Fail, You Learn a Lot, in Forbes, 11 March 1996. Rossant, John, A Cozy Deal at Benetton, in Business Week, 28 July 1997. Edelson, Sharon, Benettons U. N. Mission, in Womens Wear Daily, 3 April 1998. Sansoni, Silvia, The Odd Couple, in Forbes, 19 October 1998. Seckler, Valerie, Benettons Global Game Plan, in Womens Wear Daily, 1 July 1999. Garfield, Bob, The Colors of Exploitation: Benetton on Death Row, in Advertising Age, 10 January 2000. Sears Drops Benetton, in Womens Wear Daily, 17 February 2000. Gallagher, Leigh, About Face, in Forbes, 19 March 2001. Moin, David, Megastore Buildup: Benettons Game Plan for U. S. Recovery, in Womens Wear Daily, 20 March 2001. TealTriggs SydonieBenet Sponsored Links Benetton Fragrances Top brands at cheap prices Fast delivery of genuine products www. CheapSmells. com/Benetton Mujeres sexy en el chat Iniciar ahora gratis ? No necesitas registrarte! www. sms-contactos. es Wikipedia: Benetton Group Benetton Group TypePublic (NYSE: BNG) FoundedTreviso, Italy (1965) HeadquartersVilla Minelli, Ponzano Key peopleLuciano Benetton, Chairman Giuliana Benetton, Director Gilberto Benetton, Director Carlo Ben etton, Deputy Chairman Industry Clothing Products Complete list of Benetton brands Revenue â‚ ¬1,8 billion (2005) Employees 7,987 (2005) Website www. benettongroup. com Benetton Group S. p. A. (NYSE: BNG) is a global clothing brand, based in Treviso, Italy. The name comes from four members of the Benetton family who founded the company in 1965. Benetton Group is listed on the Borsa Italiana, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange. The career began in 1955 when Luciano Benetton, the eldest of four children, was only 20 years old and working as a salesman in Treviso. He saw sales for colourful clothes. He sold a younger brothers bicycle in order to buy the first second-hand knitting machine, and began to market a small collection of sweaters to local stores in the area of Veneto. The positive reaction to his designs was only the beginning of a solid start. Soon after, he asked his sister and his two younger brothers, Giberto and Carlo, to join him. In 1968, the Benettons opened their first store in Belluno and the year after in Paris, with Luciano as chairman, his brother Giberto in charge of administration, their younger brother Carlo running production, and Giuliana as a chief designer. Its core business is clothing with the casual line marketed as the United Colors of Benetton, a fashion-oriented Sisley division, Playlife leisurewear, and Killer Loop streetwear brands. Their products include womenswear, menswear, childrenswear and underwear and they have recently expanded into toiletries, perfumes, exclusive watches and items for the home such as kitchen accessories and baby products. The United Colors publicity campaign originated when photographer Oliviero Toscani was given carte blanche by the Benetton management. Under Toscanis direction ads were created that contained images unrelated to any actual products being sold by the company; a deathbed scene of a man (AIDS activist David Kirby) dying from AIDS, a bloodied, unwashed newborn baby with umbilical cord still attached, two horses mating, close-up pictures of tattoos reading HIV Positive on the bodies of men and women, a collage consisting of genitals of persons of various races, a priest and nun about to engage in a romantic kiss, and pictures of inmates on death row. The companys logo served as the only text accompanying the images in most of these advertisements. Criticisms Benetton has faced criticism from Mapuche organizations, including Mapuche International Link, over its purchase of traditional Mapuche lands in southern Argentina. [1] Benetton aroused suspicion when they considered using RFID tracking chips on clothes to monitor inventory. A boycott site alleges the tracking chips can be read from a distance and used to monitor the people wearing them. [2] Issues of consumer privacy were raised and the plan was shelved. PETA launched a boycott campaign against Benetton for buying wool from farmers who practiced mulesing. Benetton has since agreed to buy nonmulesed wool and has further urged the wool industry to adopt the PETA and Australian Wool Growers Association agreement to end mulesing. [3] Most Benetton locations in Canada and in the United States do not stock any of their mens collection or will carry only a small fraction of the col lection. Unlike comparable clothing retailers such as Gap, Banana Republic, J. Crew, Abercrombie Fitch and Eddie Bauer, Benettons does not list prices for their merchandise on their official websites. See also Benetton family Benetton Formula Benetton Basket basketball club Benetton Rugby Sisley Treviso volleyball team External links United Colors of Benetton FABRICA (Benettons center for design research) regimbald. ca/Benetton/index. html oot. it 21investimenti. t Benetton vs. Mapuche: land recovery in Patagonia Benetton brands= Sisley Playlife Killer Loop Undercolors This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer) Donate to Wikimedia Sponsored Links Free PowerPoint Templates 300 Ready for You to Download Now, Make Your Presentations Look Great! PowerBacks. com publicite benetton Medias Publicite : lActualite Audiovisuel Cinema sur Le Figaro