The Effectiveness of Sanctions Essay -- Diplomacy

Throughout the past century the world has seen two world wars, several dozen border conflicts, and civil uprisings with the eventual ousting of a leader. These conflicts are usually outside of media attention so all of the lives lost, corrupt leadership, and downright dishonesty is never revealed to the international public. Physical violence has always been the direct means to solving most of these conflicts but with a cost. Both side usually lost hundreds and sometimes thousands of lives and in the end there was never a plan in place to ensure these problems never occurred again. Following the completion of the Cold War sanctions have been reestablished to ensure a government or country can be held accountable without having to use lethal measures. If there was a way to cut off import and exporting of resources to the corrupt government it would force them to comply with international laws without having to use military actions. In the past sanctions have been placed on count ries that have defied basic human needs, committed atrocious crimes against neighboring countries, or posed a threat so great to others (use of weapons of mass destruction) that the United Nations stepped in to protect those who could not protect themselves. Sanctions are put into place in the hopes of causing hardship for any country’s government and to ensure complete compliance has been established before these sanctions are lifted. Although these measures are not supposed to create a hardship to the main populous, over time they usually occur. History has shown us that over a short time period sometimes these restrictions work, but do they actually create an atmosphere in these countries to ensure these situations or crimes never happen again? ... ...? The Moral and Political Issue. By David Cartwright, October 1995: http://www.sanctionsandsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/humanitarian_sanctions_.pdf (accessed 18 March 2012). 2. Q&A: Syria sanctions, 27 November 2011, BBC Mobile News Middle East: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15753975 (accessed 18 March 2012). 3. Kimberly Ann Elliott, Institute for International Economics, "Evidence on the Costs and Benefits of Economic Sanctions," Statement before the Subcommittee on Trade of the House Ways and Means Committee, October 23, 1997. The text of her statement can be found at http://www.iie.com/sanctns.htm. 4. 14 UN Press Release SG/SM/7360, echoing Lloyd Axworthy, ‘Forward’ in David Cortright and George A. Lopez, The Sanctions Decade: Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s (A Project of the International Peace Academy; Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000)

Ambrose Bierces An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay example -- Bi

Ambrose Bierce's â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,† by Ambrose Bierce, is the story of the hanging of a Civil War era Southern gentleman by the name of Peyton Farquhar. The story begins with an unidentified man being prepared to be hanged by a company of Union soldiers on a railroad bridge that runs over a river. He is then identified as Peyton Farquhar, a man who attempted to destroy the very bridge they are standing on based on information he was given by a Federal scout posing as a Confederate soldier. As he is dropped from the bridge to hang, the rope snaps and he falls into the river. After freeing himself and returning to the surface of the river, he realizes that his senses are all much heightened and he even â€Å"noted the prismatic colors in all the dewdrops upon a million blades of grass† (153). Peyton then begins to swim downstream as he is being shot at by the soldiers and a cannon as well. He soon pulls himself ashore and begins the long journey home. After walking all day and night, to the point where â€Å"his tongue was swollen with thirst† and â€Å"he could no longer feel the roadway beneath his feet† he finally makes it to his home (155). Just as he is about to embrace his wife he feels a sharp pain in his neck and hears a loud snap. He is dead from the hanging, and all this was just a dream. â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† shows the potential strength that a person’s will to live can have, and that we often don’t appreciate...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fast Food Essay

Food that we eat today has changed more in the past 30 years, than in the past 3,000 years. What is even more astonishing is that these changes have occurred without the public even knowing it or having the chance to debate it. How has this happened? We are now a culture that is very distant from where our food comes from. We are alienated from our food industry. We don’t see how the food is made or what chemicals, food coloring or fillers are added to them and this can be very dangerous for us. Fast food companies are especially guilty of wanting to hide information of how their food was made. Many would be in disbelief if they knew where their burgers and chicken nuggets really came from. With the popularity of the fast food chains and trying to make meals faster and cheaper, animals are now raised different. Birds now live in one building for their entire life until slaughter. Chickens are fed grains with antibiotics and arsenic to help them to grow faster and bigger. Chickens have become so obese from the feed and not having any space to walk in, they are having heart attacks and dying among the other chickens. In the hog facility, you will see thousands of hogs in one building their entire life. They will never breathe the fresh air outside nor spend time in the outdoor sun and eat off the land. In addition, the cattle are given growth hormones in their ears to help them grow faster. Fast food is convenient and a popular part of American culture. Although fast food is sometimes criticized for being unhealthy, fast food does have its advantages. What is Fast Food? Fast food refers to food that is prepared quickly. It is normally served at a counter or drive-thru window within minutes of placing an order. Fast food establishments typically do not employ wait staff. Customers simply seat themselves after ordering. Fast Food Saves Time Fast food saves time in today’s fast-paced society. People can order fast food on their way to or from work, without ever leaving their car. Fast food is also designed to come in small packaging so that people can consume it while traveling. Light on the Wallet Eating fast food can save a lot of money for large families, students and anyone else looking to eat out without breaking the bank. Many fast food chains offer discount menus with foods costing a dollar or less. Customers also avoid having to leave a tip when they choose a fast food establishment over a typical restaurant. Getting Healthier Many fast food places now offer healthier options to keep up with popular demand. In addition to typical fast food favorites such as burgers and fries, most fast food places now offer healthy alternatives such as salads, grilled chicken, yogurt, fruit and wraps. Popular Places to Find Fast Food Some of the most popular fast food chains include McDonald’s, Wendy’s, Taco Bell, KFC, Burger King, Sonic, In-N-Out Burger, Subway, Arby’s and Dunkin’ Donuts. Facts About the Dangers of Eating Fast Food The convenience, price and predictability of fast food makes it a frequent meal choice for many people. However, as consumption of fast food has risen over the last three decades, so too have occurrences of several health issues and diseases related to fast food and unhealthy eating habits. Eaten regularly, fast food can put you at an increased risk for developing diabetes, heart disease or obesity. Fast Food Contributes to Obesity Fast food is a major contributor to rising occurrences of obesity. Calorie-laden fast food meals can contain nearly a full day’s worth of calories and fat and, eaten regularly, can increase your chances of obesity. According to CBS News Health Watch, almost one-third of U.S children between the ages of 4 and 19 consume fast food which, depending on the regularity which with fast food is eaten, can cause a 6-pound weight increase per year. Fast Food increases Diabetes Along with obesity, consumption of fast food has been linked to an increased chance of developing Type 2 Diabetes. In Type 2 Diabetes, either your body is unable to regulate blood sugar with insulin, or is unable to produce insulin. Increased body fat, along with a high-sugar and high-carbohydrate diet, can increase your body’s resistance to insulin, which monitors your blood sugar levels. An article published by the US Department of Health and Human Services states that people who ate fast food two or more times per week were twice as likely to experience insulin resistance. Fast Food is High in Sodium Fast food is typically very high in sodium. A large order of fast food french fries can contain as much as 30% of your daily value of sodium. While important to consume in small amounts, a diet high in sodium can lead to high blood pressure, a potential precursor to heart disease. As excess sodium builds up in your bloodstream, your heart must work harder to pump blood successfully, which can cause hypertension and high blood pressure. Regularly consuming foods high in sodium can greatly increase your chances of developing high blood pressure. Fast Food is Low in Nutrients Many fast food are low in nutrients. Hamburgers served on white bread, french fries and other high-carbohydrate sides and fried or high-fat meats are common fast food menu items, and all lack important nutrients such as vitamins found in fresh produce, fiber found in whole grains and protein served without added fat. Foods which are high in sugar and carbohydrates but low in nutrients are also often less filling than healthier options, and can lead to overeating. Furthermore, non-nutritious fast food several times per week can impact your energy levels and mood, and may put you at risk for vitamin deficiency The Dangers of Fast Food The fast food industry has added every chemical possible that they can legally get away with to addict people to their food. In fact, if you eat fast food and you stop eating it, you actually go through withdrawal symptoms. It’s like a drug. Not only that, the preservatives are so high in these fast food burgers these days that the product does not even break down. Fast food has been linked in the increase in obesity in both adults and children. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in our country, particularly in children.

2008 Summer Olympics Essay

Published by  © 2008 by Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. IM-1826 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction to Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 2. The Historical Development of Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 3. The Economics of Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 4. Audiences for Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 5. The Role of Media in Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 6. Sociocultural Perspectives on Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 7. Practicum on Sportscasting Chapter 8. The Future of Sportscasters/Sportscasting Suggestions for Teaching Sportscasting Syllabus Critical Dates Student Profile Invitation for Sportscaster Speaker 5 7 13 19 25 33 41 55 61 65 67 69 73 75 Introduction Conceived as a supplement to Sportscasters/Sportscasting: Principles and Practices, this collection of exercises adds to the pedagogical mix. Following the outline of a broad approach to understanding the topic—which includes the history, economics, audience, media, sociology, practicality, and future concerns of sports and sportscasting, it has this general outline: Chapter l. Introduction to the study of sportscasters and sportscasting Chapter 2. The historical development of sports and sportscasting Chapter 3. The economics of sports, sportscasters, and sportscasting (sports advertisers and advertising, sport tourism, sports marketing and management, the sports-media complex, sportscasters’ earnings, and sports sponsorship) Chapter 4. Audiences for sports and sportscasting (U. S. audiences, international audiences, and special events) Chapter 5. The role of the media in sports and sportscasting (print media, broadcasting, and beyond, sportscasters—the â€Å"Jockocracy† issue, sportscasters as celebrities, and sportscaster profiles) Chapter 6. Sociocultural perspectives on sports and sportscasting (pervasiveness and salience of sports, role modeling/heroes, and issues—racial and gender consideration) Chapter 7. Practicum on sportscasting Chapter 8. Future concerns and considerations about sports and sportscasting Designed for teachers and students, as well as anyone interested in the topic, the Exercises in Sportscasting includes a range of ap5 6 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING proaches. The idea here is that participants in this process will want to learn as much as they can about the subject. As you will see, each chapter offers several ways to enhance the learning process. Some chapters encourage discussions of topics with family and friends and/or in the classroom, and most are meant to get you both thinking and talking about sportscasting-related issues. There also are a number of bibliographic lists, encouraging further research on various topics, along with an approach to reporting on your reading that encourages critical thinking. Exercise 1. 4 is a â€Å"Fill in the blanks,† with the answers on the next page, as is Exercise 2. 3 â€Å"Sport history firsts,† and the essays in Exercise 2. 4 have suggested inclusions for answers. If you are interested in doing survey scholarship, there are two examples here: Exercise 4. 5 offers directions on how to get information on audiences for the Olympic Games, along with a sample and coding forms, and Exercise 5. 8 gives you a good background for interviewing sportscasters. In the hope that you use soft drinks, as suggested, you should enjoy Exercise 5. 6, â€Å"The Brent Musburger Drinking Game†Ã¢â‚¬â€ another way to monitor sportscasterspeak. There actually are a number of fun exercises here, as you will see. In terms of the practicum, you are asked to consider the field of sports journalism, examine sports cliches, construct a resume, analyze your voice, and actually practice sportscasting. As in anything else, the more you are willing to try these various activities, the more it will help you in the long run. This is, after all, only your beginning. After the exercises is a separate section focusing on the way this course has been taught in the past. It includes the following: 1. Syllabus 2. Critical Dates 3. Student profile 4. A suggested invitation for a sportscaster speaker Designed for teachers, this section is suggestive only, and is open to input—as is, in fact, this whole project. Your responses are encouraged, and I wish you well in your analysis of and/or career in sportscasting. Chapter 1 Introduction to Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Exercise 1. 1: Your Definition/Description of Sportscasting We all have our own experiences with the subject of sportscasting. Tell about yours, including your interest in the topic. At some point, give your own definition and/or description of sportscasting. In addition, what has been your personal experience with sportscasting and sportscasters? Have you met any sportscasters personally? Who are your favorites? Who are your least favorite(s)? Think about why, and share your thoughts. Exercise 1. 2: Globalization of Sports (book review) From the bibliography that follows, choose a book and critique it, including the following information: 1. The book: Full name of the title, author(s) name, when and where published and by whom, number of pages and illustrations. 2. Author(s): Who she or he is—profession, background, experience, and other publications. 3. Frame of reference: The writer’s point of view, or bias. Do you think she or he is qualified to write about this subject? Is the book based on personal experience? 4. Thesis: What is the main point here? Why do you think this book was written? Read the preface and the book jacket, if applicable. Give a brief description of the book in terms of its thesis, and give your opinion on how well it is supported. 7 8 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING 5. Evidence: What kinds of arguments does the author use, and how successfully? Do you think the facts are valid? Are the conclusions under- or overstated, and how do they stand up? 6. Contribution to knowledge: What does this book add to both your education and that of others who might read it? Who might like to read this book? 7. Your evaluation of the book: Was it well written? Well organized? Would you read more books by this author? 8. Overall personal reaction: Was reading this book and writing this book report a worthwhile experience for you? Did you discuss this book with anyone? Bibliography on Globalization Allison, Lincoln (2006). The global politics of sport: The role of global institutions in sport. Oxford, UK: Routledge. Amis, John (2005). Global sport sponsorship. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishing. Andrews, David L. (2006). Sport-commerce-culture: Essays on sport in late capitalist America. New York: Peter Lang. Baimer, A. 2001. Sport, nationalism, and globalization: European and North American perspectives. Albany, NY: SUNY. Chandler, Joan M. 1988. Television and national sport: The U. S. and Britain. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Cronin, Mike and David Mayall (Eds. ) (1998). Sporting nationalisms. Oxford, UK: Taylor & Francis, Inc. Eitzen, D. Stanley (Ed. ) (2004). Sport in contemporary society: An anthology, 7th ed. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers. Foer, Franklin. 2004. How soccer explains the world: An unlikely theory of globalization. New York: Harper Perennial. Gems, Gerald R. (2006). The athletic crusade: Sport and American cultural imperialism. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Houlihan, Barrie. 1994. Sport and international politics. NY: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Ingham, Alan G. and John W. Loy (eds. ) 1993. Sport in social development: Traditions, transitions, and transformations. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Maguire, Joseph. 1999. Global sport: Identities, societies, civilizations. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Majumdar, Boria and Fan Hong (Eds. ) (2006). Modern sport the global obsession. Oxford, UK: Routledge. Miller, Toby, Geoffrey Lawrence, Jim McKay, and David Rowe (2001). Globalization and sport: Playing the world. London: Sage. Roche, Maurice (2001). Mega-events and modernity: Olympics and expos in the growth of global culture. London: Routledge. Instructor’s Manual 9 Sandvoss, Cornel. 2003. A game of two halves: Football fandom, television and globalisation. London: Routledge. Szymanski, Stefan and Andrew Zimbalist. (2005). National pastime: How Americans play baseball and the rest of the world plays soccer. Brookings Institution Press. Tomlinson, Alan and Christopher Young (Eds. ) (2006). National identity and global sports events. Albany: State University of New York Press. Van Bottenburg, Maarten and Beverley Jackson (2001). Global games. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press. Wenner, Lawrence A. (Ed. ) (1998). MediaSport. New York: Routledge. Westerbeek, Han and Aaron Smith (2003). Sport business in the global marketplace. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Whannel, Garry (1992). Fields in vision: TV sport and cultural transformation. London: Routledge. Wilson, John. 1994. Playing by the rules: Sport, society, and the state. Detroit, MI: Wayne State UP. Exercise 1. 3: Sportscasting Firsts Lou Schwartz has put together a list of â€Å"Sportscasting Firsts, 1920Present,† available at http://www. americansporscasteronline. com, from American Sportscasters Online. Choose one of these events to research further, and feel free to add more to the list. Sept. 6, 1920 – First Radio Broadcast of a Prizefight -Jack Dempsey versus Billy Miske – WWJ Nov. 25, 1920 – First Radio Play-by-Play Broadcast of a Collegiate Football Game – Texas University versus Mechanical College of Texas – WTAW Aug. 5, 1921 – First Radio Broadcast of a Baseball Game-Pittsburgh Pirates versus Philadelphia Phillies Harold Arlin on KDKA Aug. 6, 1921 – First Radio Broadcast of a Tennis Match – Australia versus Great Britian, Davis Cup – Harold Arlin on KDKA Oct. 5, 1921 – First Radio Broadcast of a World Series- New York Yankees versus New York Giants Sandy Hunt and Tommy Cowan on WJZ Oct. 7, 1922 – First Radio Chain Broadcast- WJZ and WGY transmitted a World Series game from the field Grantland Rice and Graham McNamee 10 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING Nov. 24, 1923 – First Radio Broadcast of the Annual Army Navy football game – Graham McNamee Jan. 1, 1927 – First Coast-to-Coast Radio Program – Univ. of Alabama versus Stanford – originating from Pasadena, California, broadcast from the Rose Bowl – NBC network May 17, 1939 – First Televised Sports Event – Columbia versus Princeton baseball – Bill Stern on NBC Aug. 26, 1939 – First Television Broadcast of a Pro Baseball Game – Cincinnati Reds versus Brooklyn Dodgers Red Barber on W2XBS Oct. 22, 1939 – First Television Broadcast of a Pro Football Game-Brooklyn Dodgers versus Philadelphia Eagles W2XBS Feb. 25, 1940 – First Television Broadcast of a Hockey GameNew York Rangers versus Montreal Canadiens -W2XBS Feb. 28, 1940 – First Televsion Broadcast of a Basketball Game Fordham versus U. of Pittsburgh W2XBS Sept. 30, 1947 – First Televised World Series-New York Yankees versus Brooklyn Dodgers – aired on three stations: WABD, WCBS, WNBT -Bob Edge, Bob Stanton and Bill Slater Oct. 3, 1951 – First Coast-to-Coast Television Broadcast of a Baseball Game-NY Giants versus Brooklyn Dodgers, Game 3 of NL playoffs. Giants win on Bobby Thomson’s homerun known as the â€Å"Shot Heard ’Round the World. † Aug. 26, 1955 – First Color Television broadcast – Davis Cup match between Australia and the U. S. – NBC July 23, 1962 – First Satellite Telecast via Telstar Communications – included portion of Chicago Cubs versus Philadelphia Phillies from Wrigley Field – Jack Brickhouse Jan. 15, 1967 – First Television Broadcast of a Football Championship- Green Bay Packers versus Kansas City Chiefs – Jack Buck Nov. 8, 1972 – First Sports Telecast by HBO – New York Rangers versus Vancouver Canucks from Madison Square Garden reaches HBO’s 365 subscribers in Wilkes Barre, Pa. – Marty Glickman Instructor’s Manual 11 Aug. 16, 1976 – First Pro Football Game Outside the United States- St. Louis Cardinals versus San Diego Chargers in Japan- Jack Buck Aug. 3, 1993 – First Woman to do Television Play-by-Play of a Baseball Game -Colorado Rockies versus Cincinnati Reds Gayle Gardner on KNGN-TV in Denver Exercise 1. 4: Fill in the Blanks 1. The evolution of sportscasting has gone from sports reporting for information to in terms of its profitability. 2. Sportscasting is a $ industry. 3. Television executives and advertisers are primarily interested in sportscasters who can . 4. Super Bowl hype helps draw audiences of (number) viewers with advertising costing $ per minute.at ABC is credited with helping that network become 5. known for its sports, introducing shows like Wide World of Sports in 1967 and Monday Night Football in 1970. 6. Women sportscasters, although few in number, include: , , and . 7. According to Red Barber, was the first genuine pioneer in radio sports announcing. 8. In the 1960s, the annual number of network hours of sports programming was 787; in the 1970s, 1,340; and now it is . in advertising for 9. The major networks sell about $ sports. 10. Leading sportscasters currently earn salaries of -figure incomes. 11. Sporting events created for television, such as celebrity tennis or billiards, The Skins Games, battles of network â€Å"superstars,† and shows like them are called . 12. ABC paid $ for rights to the 1984 Los Angeles Olymfor the 1988 Calgary Olympics, and NBC paid pics, $ $ for the 2006 Torino Olympics and 2008 Beijing Olympics. 13. Americans spend about % of our gross national product (GNP) on sports. 12 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING 14. Sports marketing statistics show corporate sponsorship costs of $ for endorsements from sports figures, and about on event sponsorship and participation. $ 15. My personal favorite sportscaster is: . Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Infotainment Multibillion dollar industry Draw and sustain audiences 140+ million viewers, with advertising costing $2 million per thirty seconds Roone Arledge Mary Carillo, Gayle Gardner, Robin Roberts, Lesley Visser, etc. Major J. Andrew White 24/7 ABC $1. 33 billion, CBS $1. 43 billion, NBC $472 million, ESPN $1. 16 billion and ESPN2 $219 million, Fox $1. 18 billion, and TNT $221 million. Seven â€Å"Trashsports† ABC—$225 million 1984; $309 million 1988; NBC—$1. 5 billion for 2006 and 2008 One (1) percent $900 million for endorsements, $7. 7 billion for sponsorships (students’ choice) Chapter 2 The Historical Development of Sports and Sportscasting Exercise 2. 1: Oral Histories on Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Probably the best way for you to understand and appreciate the history of sports and sportscasting is by talking to people who have experience with the past. Let me suggest that you conduct interviews with two persons—preferably one male and one female, preferably separately, preferably both born before or during World War II about their early memories with sports, sportscasters, and sportscasting. Use your own knowledge about the history, economics, politics, content trends, and sociocultural implications of radio and television in your interviews. Prompt your interviewees to remember some of their favorite early programs, performers, even advertisers. Write up a summary of your findings, including detailed descriptions on when and where the interviews were performed, how long they lasted, whether you tape-recorded responses and/or wrote them down, whether or not those responses are reported verbatim, and overall how you felt about the survey procedure. Also, provide detailed descriptions about the persons you interviewed, especially demographically. This method has proven to be a fascinating way to learn history, and old-timers really enjoy the process. Be sure to thank them for sharing their memories! Exercise 2. 2: Hype in Sports History Often, we might wonder about what is hyped in sports history, and what might be ignored. As a sports scholar, you might consider the 13 14 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING following approach to sports media criticism of television and/or film: 1. Who are the actors in this episode or series, and what roles do they play? 2. Who made the program or movie: production company, producer, director, writer, director of cinematography, and so on? Have I seen other works by these people? Is it pertinent to know and mention them? 3. Do I like this episode or movie? Why? Why not? 4. Have I been fair with this episode or movie after only one viewing, or should I see it a second time to see what I might have missed? 5. What biases might I have toward the episode or movie’s star(s), director, and/or subject matter? 6. Have I been as objective as possible? Have I used examples to support my views? Have I been prejudiced by my attitude toward the episode or movie’s theme or plot? Have I described it accurately? Exercise 2. 3: Sports History Firsts Fill in the blanks. 1. The first successful sports broadcast in the United States: 2. In baseball, this broadcast took place during its 53rd season: . 3. Describe the first World Series sportscast: ________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 4. Jack Graney, the first ex-athlete to occupy the broadcast booth, became known as: __________________________________. 5. The first Olympic Games broadcast for the American public were: ____________________________________________. 6. Davis Cup, the first tennis match, had reportage on this date: _________________________________________________. 7. The first broadcast of a college football game was: __________. 8. Radio covered the first boxing match between whom: _______. Instructor’s Manual 15 9. The first live sporting event on television was: _____________. 10. Regarding the print media, what was the first sport magazine to debut in the 1820s: __________________________________. 11. The newspaper that had the first distinct sports section: ______. 12. Name the first daily newspaper totally devoted to sports, with regional sections: ___________________________________. 13. HBO’s first regional sportscast: ________________________. 14. ESPN, the first twenty-four-hour all-sports cable network, began: _____________________________________________. 15. Ted Turner’s Goodwill Games first began: ________________. Answers 1. April 11, 1921, when the Pittsburgh Post’s sports editor, Florent Gibson, did the play-by-play over station KDKA, describing the no-decision fight between Johnny Ray and Johnny Dundee at Pittsburgh’s Motor Square Garden. 2. August 5, 1921, broadcast by Harold Arlin—Pittsburgh Pirates defeating the Philadelphia Phillies 8-5. 3. Thomas Cowan, sitting in a New York studio, recreated for the radio audience over stations WJZ and WBZ the 1921 World Series on October 5, as the New York Giants defeated the New York Yankees 5-3. Grantland Rice did the play-by-play. 4. â€Å"The Voice of the Indians,† 1932. 5. 1932 radio reports from Lake Placid for the winter games, Los Angeles for the summer games. Ted Husing provided summaries on WABC in New York. 6. August, 1921 over KDKA. 7. November 5, 1921, with Harold Arlin of KDKA covering Pittsburgh versus West Virginia; he yelled so hard at one touchdown that he knocked the station off the air. 8. Over WJY in 1921, the world heavyweight championship prize fight between Jack Dempsey and George Carpentier of France. 9. The second game of a baseball double-header between Columbia and Princeton, covered by Bill Stern out of New York’s Baker Field on May 17, 1939. 10. William Trotter Porter’s Spirit of the Times. 11. William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal, 1895. 12. Frank DeFord’s The National, which debuted January, 1990. 16 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING 13. 1972 hockey game between the New York Rangers and Vancouver Canucks. 14. September, 1979. 15. 1986. Exercise 2. 4: Essays 1. Describe the broad trends that best depict qualifications of what makes and have made the best sportscasters over the years. 2. Trace the developments from sports journalism to sports broadcasting. 3. Discuss sportscasters themselves: as sponsors, celebrities/stars, as fans’ favorites, as former athletes (â€Å"jockocracy†), and as newscasters. 4. Outline some of the distinctions of the symbiosis between media and sport. Suggested Essay Answers 1. In the early days, voice was the most distinguishing characteristic. Review the Waldo Abbott 1941 quotation about phraseology, diction, rules, and regulations, and review some early sports journalists. The second phase of sportscasting concentrated more on knowledge of sport, and began the practice known as â€Å"jockocracy. † Currently, it appears that knowledge of television is what is critical. Consider Marty Glickman’s suggestion that succinctness, self-discipline and awareness of the action are the criteria. Still today the demographics of sportscasters remain pretty much within the purview of white males, aged thirty to fifty. It is found that local/regional sportscasters differ greatly from national network ones, the former being more involved personally with the teams. 2. Bruce Garrison shows how sports reporting is becoming more professional—list some examples. We are thought to be in the â€Å"age of realism†Ã¢â‚¬â€what Karmer (1987) calls the double whammy of electronic media and tabloid journalism, such that the rules are being rewritten. Print was revolutionized by the introduction of USA Today— especially graphics, statistics, and wide-ranging sports coverage. But so far no newspaper has caught on; even though The National was well done, sports fans today mostly depend on television and the Internet for their coverage. Television itself has revolutionized sports Instructor’s Manual 17 coverage, from ABC in the 1970s to the introduction of ESPN and other 24/7 sports channels. We have moved from game stories centered on quotes from players and coaches and postgame trips to the locker room to instant messaging and â€Å"reality† monitoring. It becomes sobering to realize how we are moving from being told about sports to choosing what stories we want to follow; in other words, we are increasingly becoming more active in the process. 3. Cite some examples of sportscasters as sponsors, and then consider the issue of how some of them become bigger than the events they are covering. Who are â€Å"homers†? Who are former athletes? Who are newsmakers? Include considerations of race, gender, homophobia, and the like. 4. What is real relative to sportscasting? What differences are there between how reportage is received from print media, radio or television, the Internet, iPods, and other technologies? Discuss various production techniques, such as slo-mo replays, time-lapse shots, telestrators, wireless microphones, cameras attached to items like pucks, and how they might determine how a story is delivered. And consider how editing and videotaping have revolutionized not only what we see but also when and how we see it—remote controls, Tivos, and general zipping and zapping of ads and programs. The potential for great sports viewing, and for learning about new sports and other countries’ sports, is outstanding—but will we settle for the same old/same old? Will we ask more from our sports, and from our sportscasters? Chapter 3 The Economics of Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Exercise 3. 1: Sports Tourism As one of the fastest-growing niche markets in the more than $500 billion tourism industry, sports tourism encourages us to participate directly, such as on ski trips, at golf or tennis camps, on theme cruises, or as spectators for events such as the Olympic Games, Super Bowl, World Cup, and the like. Tell about your own experience in sports tourism. You might want to refer to some of these books: Brabazon, Tara (2006). Playing on the periphery: Sport, identity and memory. London: Routledge. Gibson, Heather (2006). Sport tourism. New York: Routledge. Higham, James (2004). Sport tourism destinations: Issues, opportunities and analysis. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Hinch, Thomas and James E. S. Higham (2004). Sport tourism development. Clevedon, UK: Channel View Books. Hudson, Simon (Ed. ) (2002). Sport and adventure tourism. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press. Ritchie, Brent W. and Daryl Adair (Eds. ) (2004). Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues. Oxon, UK: Multilingual Matters. Robinson, Tom (2004). Sports tourism: An introduction. Boston, MA: Thomson Learning. Robinson, Tom, Sean Gammon, and Ian Jones (2003). Sports tourism: An Introduction. London: Continuum. Rowe, David and Geoffrey Laurence (Eds. ) (2000). Tourism, leisure, sport, and critical perspectives. Cambridge University Press. Ryan, Chris (2003). Recreational tourism: Demand and impacts. Celevedon, UK: Channel View Publications. 19 20 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING Scarrott, Martin (Ed. ) (1999). Sport, leisure and tourism information sources: A guide for researchers. Butterworth-Heinemann. Standeven, Joy and Paul DeKnop (1999). Sport tourism. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Turco, Douglas Michele, Roger S. Riley, Kamilla Swart (2002). Sport tourism. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology. Van Der Wagen, Lynn (2002). Event management: For tourism, cultural, business, and sporting events. Prentice-Hall. Weed, Mike and Chris Bull (2003). Sports tourism: Participants, policy and providers. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Exercise 3. 2: The Economics of Sports (book review) From the bibliography, choose a book and critique it, including the following information: 1. The book: full name of the title, author(s) name, when and where published and by whom, number of pages and illustrations. 2. Author(s): who she or he is—profession, background, experience, and other publications. 3. Frame of reference: the writer’s point of view, or bias. Do you think he or she is qualified to write about this subject? Is the book based on personal experience? 4. Thesis: what is the main point here? Why do you think this book was written? Read the preface and the book jacket, if applicable. Give a brief description of the book in terms of its thesis, and give your opinion on how well it is supported. 5. Evidence: what kinds of arguments does the author use, and how successfully? Do you think the facts are valid? Are the conclusions under- or overstated, and how do they stand up? 6. Contribution to knowledge: what does this book add to both your education and that of others who might read it? Who might like to read this book? 7. Your evaluation of the book: was it well written? Well organized? Would you read more books by this author? 8. Overall personal reaction: was reading this book and writing this book report a worthwhile experience for you? Did you discuss this book with anyone? Instructor’s Manual. Bibliography on General Sports Economics 21 Andrews, David L. (Ed. ) (2001). Michael Jordon, Inc: Corporate sport, media culture, and late modern America. Albany: State University of NY Press. Andrews, David L. (2006). Sport-commerce-culture: Essays on sport in late capitalist America. New York: Peter Lang. Aris, Stephen (1990). Sportsbiz: Inside the sports business. London: Hutchinson. Fizel, John, Elizabeth Gustafson, and Lawrence Hadley (Eds. ) (1999). Sports economics: Current research. Westport, CT: Praeger. Goff, Brian L. and Robert D. Tollison (eds. ) (1990). Sportometrics. College Station, TX: Texas A&M UP. Gorman, Jerry and Kirk Calhoun (1994). The name of the game: The business of sports. NY: John Wiley & Sons. Graham, Peter J. (Ed. ) (1994). Sport business: Operational and theoretical aspects. Madison, WI: WCB Brown & Benchmark. Hofmann, Dale and Martin J. Greenberg (1989). Sports$biz: An irreverent look at Big Business in pro sports. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Klatell, David A. and Norman Marcus (1988). Sports for sale: Television, money, and the fans. New York: Oxford. Rosentraub, Mark S. (1997). Major League losers: The real cost of sports and who’s paying for it. New York: Basic Books. Sheehan, Richard G.( 1996). Keeping score: The economics of Big-Time sports. South Bend, IN: Diamond Communication. Staudohar, Paul D. and James A. Mangan (Eds. ) (1991). The business of professional sports. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Walsh, Adrian (2006). Ethics, money & sport: This sporting mammon. New York: Routledge. Weiss, Ann E. (1993). Money games: The business of sports. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Bibliography on Law/Legal Issues Berry, Robert C. and Glenn M. Wong (1993). Law and business of the sports industries: Common issues in amateur and professional sports. Westport, CT: Praeger. Champion, Walter T. , Jr.(1993). Sports law in a nutshell. St. Paul, MN: West Pub. Cotton, Doyice J. and T. Jesse Wilde (1997). Sport law for sport managers. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt. Cozzillio, Michael J. and Mark S. Levinstein (1997). Sports law: Cases and materials. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. Dougherty, Neil J. (1994). Sport, physical activity, and the law. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Fotiades, John M. (1989). You’re the judge: How to understand sports, torts & courts. Worcester, MA: Edgeworth and North Books. 22 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING Greenberg, Martin J. (1993). Sports law practice. Charlottesville, VA: Michie Co. Greenfield, Steve and Guy Osborn (Eds. ) (2000). Law and sport in Contemporary society. London: Frank Cass. Hladczuk, John (Comp. ) (1991). Sports law and legislation: An annotated bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press. Jarvis, Robert M. and Phyllis Coleman (1999). Sports law: Cases and materials. St. Paul, MN: West Group. Jones, Michael E. (1999). Sports law. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Lowe, Stephen R. (1995). The kid on the sandlot: Congress and professional sports, 1910-1922. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. O’Leary, John (Ed. ) (2001). Drugs and doping in sport: Socio-legal perspectives. London: Cavendish. Quirk, Charles (Ed. ) (1996). Sports and the law: Major legal cases. New York: Garland. Shropshire, Kenneth L. (1990). Agents of opportunity: Sports agents and corruption in collegiate sports. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Tokarz, Karen (1986). Women, sports, and the law: A comprehensive research guide to sex discrimination in sports. Buffalo, NY: W. S. Hein. Weiler, Paul C. (2000). Leveling the playing field: How the law can makes Sports better for the fans. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP. Weiler, Paul C. and Gary R. Roberts (1993). Cases, materials and problems on sports and the law. St. Paul, MN: West Pub. Wong, Glenn M. (1994). Essentials of amateur sports law. Westport, CT: Praeger. Wong, Glenn M. and T. Jesse Wilde (1994). The sport lawyer’s guide to legal periodicals: An annotated bibliography. Buffalo, NY: W. S. Hein. Yasser, Raymond L. (1985) Torts and sports: Legal liability in professional and amateur athletics. Westport, CT: Quorum Books. Yasser, Ray, James R. McCurdy, and C. Peter Goplerud (1990). Sports law: Cases and materials. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson. Bibliography on Sports Marketing/Management Brooks, Christine M. (1994). Sports marketing: Competitive business strategies for sports. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cuneen, Jacquelyn and M. Joy Sidwell (1994). Sport management Field experiences. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology. DeSensi, Joy T. and Danny Rosenberg (1996). Ethics in sports management. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology. Graham, Stedman, Joe Jeff Goldblatt, and Lisa Delphy Neirotti (2001). The ultimate guide to sports marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill. Howard, Dennis R. and John L. Crampton (1995). Financing sport. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology. Jones, Ian (2003). Research methods for sports studies. New York: Routledge. Instructor’s Manual 23 Masteralexis, Lida Pike, Carol A. Barr, and Mary A. Hums (Eds. ) (2004). Principles and practices of sports management. 2nd ed. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen. McDonald, Mark A. and George R. Milne (1999). Cases in sports marketing. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Miller, Lorik (1997). Sport business management. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen. Milne, George R. and Mark A. McDonald (1999). Sports management: Managing the exchange process. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Mullin, Bernard J. , Stephen Hardy, and William A. Sutton (1993). Sport marketing. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Ethics of Belief – Clifford

Clifford focuses on three main points throughout the Ethics of Belief article. He believes that in order to have a sense of belief one must inquire on the belief, question authority, and the limit the usage of inference. He believes that without these three factors it is difficult to come to a consensus on what are the right and wrong principles of belief. At the beginning of the article Clifford focuses on the duty of inquiry. In order to set the background, Clifford introduces a story about a man who sent a ship out into the sea knowing it was not seaworthy.The ships condition inevitably led to its sinking, and the death of the people aboard. Now, Clifford claims that the man is guilty of the death of these people because, â€Å"†¦ he had no right to believe such evidence was before him†(pg 236). This is true for a number of reasons. Paraphrasing what Clifford mentioned, mans belief is never a private matter, and every insignificant moment counts. Clifford states, †Å"†¦it is not the belief which is judged to be wrong, but the action following upon it†(pg 237).If the man had taken use of his time and taken the extra initiative to double check if the ship was in sea-worthy condition, he could have not been in a guilty position. Skipping this action effected lives of many. Clifford's argues that when one has a belief it does not matter whether the belief is true or false, but rather if it is followed through upon fair grounds. When speaking of the duty of inquiry, it is very important to inquire on the belief and obtain evidence as to create a fair inquiry.Second the weight of authority plays a role in the ethic of belief. One argument throughout the article is supporting the reason why should we believe something that goes beyond our own experience or even beyond the understanding of mankind. People tend to believe men with power and authority, but there may not be a justifiable reason to believe that they are not deluded themselves. Unless a belief created by authority is within their area of knowledge, how can we be justified in believing them.This question has helped people ask more questions, to examine, and to investigate beliefs and to determine what a belief should be based on before it should be believed to be true. The last point he made was on the limits of inference. The basis of this argument is that it is wrong to believe without sufficient evidence and that ultimately no evidence can be justified if it is beyond our knowledge and the uniformity of nature. I believe there is no flaw in Clifford's article.He believes that in order to have a valid belief it must have the principles of inquiry, limitations on authority, and the need for more evidence. Without inquiring more into the evidence, it can lead to false belief which can only cause trouble. I agree with Clifford's view of gaining knowledge through inquiry, examining and investigating the perspective of authority because there is no reason to b elieve that they themselves are in a position to know right from wrong, that their authority and command on belief is one to be trusted.Lastly I agree with his ideas on the limits of inference. A belief may be something that is beyond our experience and we might never understand this experience unless we have experienced it. Anyone can infer, but without evidence they can't justify a belief especially if it outside what is known to them. Every moment in life is precious it is very important that we take advantage of each moment. Clifford's views resonate with me because he cherishes the power of knowledge. It is crucial to constantly question, examine and investigate all beliefs and assumptions.Another important idea to note is that just because someone has a belief doesn't mean it has any grounds of truth. No amount of authority is grounds to believe any idea. Lastly it is important to always find evidence to support beliefs and never make unjustifiable assumptions as seen in that ship example. Belief gives humans a sense of power and allows them to gain a better understanding of life. Though it is important to recognize that this power can also easily be abused if not properly analyzed.

Les Murray’s “The Widower in the Country” Essay

In â€Å"The Widower in the country†, change is conveyed in many ways. The poem shows that change can bring a life of isolation and loneliness. The poem also shows how change is not always embraced and how we should not lead a life with a lack of change. The title of the poem, the widower in the country immediately gives the reader the impression of an individual in a vast area. This lets the readers know that the widower is alone and isolated. Already, the reader already feels sympathy for the widower, not only because he has lost his wife, but he now lives alone in a vast and empty area. In the first stanza, the first line, â€Å"I’ll get up soon, and leave my bed unmade†, shows how the persona leads a life that is monotonous and repetitive each day. There is a certainty and reluctance in his tone and it seems as though he now has no reason to make his bed, as he is lonely and there is no one who will see the bed even if it was made. At the end of the stanza, â€Å"For I get up late now†, the word â€Å"now† has been deliberately placed to show how the widower has changed his behaviour. In the second stanza, the personification of â€Å"Christmas paddocks, aching in the heat†, imitates the personas own feelings, and the words â€Å"aching in the heart† look like aching in the heart, which is what the persona feels like, as he has lost his wife. Christmas is also usually a time for family gathering, and this highlights how change has caused the widower to lead a life of loneliness and isolation. This stanza is also filled with negative imagery and mundane activities- â€Å"The windless trees, the nettles in the yard†¦ and then I’ll go in, boil water and make tea.† The †¦ at the end of the sentence shows that the widowers day is filled with other activities that are more or the same, again highlighting his life that has a lack of change. The lack of punctuation in this stanza also reflects the widower’s monotonous life and again shows how change can bring a life of isolation and loneliness. In the third stanza, there is again a lack of punctuation. â€Å"I’ll stand out on the hill and watch my house away below, and how the roof reflects the†.  There is a certainty in the widower’s tone and the detached images show he doesn’t want to be in this situation. â€Å"Makes my eyes water† gives us an image of the widower in misery and crying and we feel sympathy for him. This also shows he has not embraced the change. â€Å"Close on bright webbed visions smeared on the dark of my thoughts to dance and fade away† shows how the persona has visions and memories of the past. There is a paradox between bright and smeared and this reflects the persona’s misery. Although he wishes to think of the happier times in the past, they have now become blurred and have faded away. â€Å"Then the sun will move on† shows the widowers unhappiness and â€Å"I will simply watch, or work, or sleep† is a cumulative listing of three monotonous and mundane activities, which highlights the lack of variety in the widower’s life. The sentence also shows how the monotony is never-ending. In â€Å"And evening will come on† the â€Å"and† is placed at the start of the sentence to draw attention to how the widower is so certain about his life as it is always the same, day after day. In the last stanza, â€Å"Getting near dark, I’ll go home, light the lamp and eat my corned-beef supper, sitting there at the head of the table† shows how the widower’s day is filled with even more mundane activities and his reluctance to make any changes. The fact that he is sitting at the head of a table highlights his loneliness, as he has no family, and is by himself. â€Å"Then I’ll go to bed† again shows the certainty in his tone and his lack of change. â€Å"Last night I thought I dreamed† is the only time there is a change in tense and harsh sounding images- â€Å"the screaming was only a possum ski-ing down the iron roof† follows it. The widower has lost all hope as he cannot even dream and has nothing positive to look forward to, not even in his dreams. The poem ends with its only positive image â€Å"little moonlit claws†. With uses of imagery, personification, paradox, assonance and cumulative listing, Les Murray’s â€Å"The Widower in the Country† clearly shows how change can lead to a life of isolation and loneliness.

A Brief Analysis Of A Streetcar Named Desire

A Brief Analysis Of A Streetcar Named Desire A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams, is an American drama play written in 1947. The play is widely considered an American classic and revolves around a cultural clash between the main characters. One of the more tragic figures is Blanche DuBois, as she is a character who feels confused, lost, conflicted, and lashes out sexually. Blanche represents the â€Å"old† South because of her way of thinking, values, and lifestyle. Contrary to Blanche, Stanley Kowalski is a main character that is portrayed as being dominant, aggressive, and sexual. Stanley represents the â€Å"new† South because of his dominance and control over Stella. Both these characters embody values which portray William’s message of the â€Å"old† versus â€Å"new† South. Tennessee Williams attempts to show through Stanley’s character that American is changing into a more aggressive, direct, and raw society. Stanley is a very dominant and somewhat arrogant character , who usually gets what he desires, such as when he rapes Blanche. Another clear example of Stanley’s dominance is the Napoleonic code, â€Å"we have the Napoleonic code according to which what belongs to the wife belongs to the husband† (35). His controlling and sexual character is evident throughout the play, including in the end in which he makes love with Stella after Blanche is taken to the hospital. Sexuality is also a theme throughout the play, as Williams is a homosexual and attempts to demonstrate homosexuality in a positive light through Stanley’s superficial and egoistical actions. An evident example is when Blanche wanted Stella to come with her and says that Stella is almost everything that she has in this world. However, Stanley sees Blanche taking Stella away and refuses to let Stella go, acting as if an animal that is protecting his territory. An example is when Stanley establishes power over Blanche through his marriage, as they are both fightin g for Stella, â€Å"Stella has embraced him with both arms, fiercely, and full in the view of Blanche. He laughs and clasps her head to him. Over her head he grins through the curtains at Blanche† (73). Stanley remains hostile towards Blanche throughout the play because of this incident, and meanwhile Blanche is having a difficult time adapting to the â€Å"new† South. Stella is unlike Blanche in the sense that she has learned to accept and adapt to the â€Å"new† South, however Blanche is still trying to cope with the loss of her husband. She could not overcome losing her husband, as he was a large part of her life and she was becoming mentally ill and delusional from the loss, â€Å"you know what I shall die of? I shall die of eating an unwashed grape one day out on the ocean† (136). An example is how she is consistently bathing to feel like a â€Å"new person†. She attempts to wash off the dirt which resonates from the past and tries to clear he r mind with frequent showers. Blanche also resorts to alcohol to alleviate her problems; however she has to hide it, as she realizes that it will hurt her reputation, â€Å"She rushes about frantically, hiding the bottle in a closet† (113). All this begins with the death of her husband.